Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of COMPOSER.

Two possible deployment schemes are shown in panel (a). During the evaluation phase of COMPOSER (panel b), the input test data is first fed into the weighted input layer, and is then passed through the encoder (first module), after which the method of conformal prediction is utilized to determine the ‘conditions for use’ (second module). This is achieved by comparing the conformity of the new representation (H⁽²⁾) to the representations in the conformal set, which are carefully selected during the training phase (see Methods section). If conformity can be achieved at a given confidence level (ε), H⁽²⁾ is then forwarded to the sepsis predictor to obtain a risk score (third module). In comparison, panel (c) shows a deployment scheme without the use of conformal prediction.