Table 3.

Study design, characteristics, and summary of outcomes.

Author, country, year	Design of randomized controlled trial	Participants	Intervention, number (male/female), daily dose	Control, number (male/female), daily dose	Duration	Effect	Risk of bias
McGeoch et al. (29) United Kingdom	Crossover	Type 2 diabetes, 40–75 years	Oat-based product, 27 (18/9), 60–100 g	Standard diet, 27 (18/9), NA	8 weeks	↔ CRP, IL-18, Adiponectin	Some concerns
Koenig et al. (27) United States	Parallel	Young female aged 18–30	Avenanthramides in oat cookies, 8 (0/8), 9.2 mg	Avenanthramides; oat flour cookies, 8 (0/8), 0.4 mg	8 weeks	↓ NRB, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP ↔ IL-1b	Low risk
Koenig et al. (16) United States	Parallel	Female aged 50–80	Avenanthramides in oat cookies, 8 (0/8), 9.2 mg	Avenanthramides; oat flour cookies, 8 (0/8), 0.4 mg	8 weeks	↓ IL-1B, NRB, CRP ↔ IL-6, TNF-α	Low risk
Zhang T et al. (34) United States	Parallel	Healthy subjects, 23.0 ± 1.2 years	Avenanthramides in oat cookies, 12 (NA), 20.6 mg	Avenanthramides; oat flour cookies, 12 (NA), 0 mg	8 weeks	↓ IL-1Ra, sVCAM-1, G-CSF, NRB ↔ IL-6, MCP-1, CK	High risk
Nieman et al. (17) United States	Parallel	Healthy male subjects	Oat β-glucan in beverage, 19 (19/0), 5.6 g/600 mL	Cornstarch in beverage, 17 (17/0), 600 mL	14 days	↔ IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, IL-1Ra	Some concerns
Tighe P et al. (33) United Kingdom	Parallel	Middle aged (40–65 y), healthy subjects	Oat cereals, 70 (36/34), 60–80 g	Whole-grain cereals, 73 (38/35), 90–120 g	12 weeks	↔ hs-CRP, IL-6	Some concerns
Fazilaty et al. (26) Iran	Parallel	Multiple trauma, ≥18 years	Oat β-glucan, 20 (18/2), 3 g	Maltodextrin, 20 (18/2), 3 g	21 days	↑ IL-12 ↔ hs-CRP	Some concerns
Ma et al. (28) China	Parallel	Type 2 diabetes, 50–60 years	Organic naked oat with whole germ porridge, 65 (27/38), 50 g	Diet group, 61 (28/33), balance nutritional composition without oat	30 days	↔ hs-CRP	Some concerns
			Organic naked oat with whole germ porridge, 65 (27/38), 100 g	Diet group, 61 (28/33), balanced nutritional composition without oat	30 days	↓ hs-CRP
Ganda Mall et al. (31) Sweden	Parallel	Healthy subjects, ≥65 years	Oat β-glucan powder, 15 (9/6), 12 g	Maltodextrin powder, 17 (9/8), 12 g	6 weeks	↔ IFN-γ, IL-10, CRP, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-12p70	Some concerns
				Arabinoxylan powder, 17 (9/8), 12 g	6 weeks	↔ IFN-γ, IL-10, CRP, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-12p70
Sirtori et al. (37) Italy	Parallel	Moderate hypercholesterolemia	Oat fiber containing 25-28% β-glucan with casein bar, 22 (NA), 10.5 g	Cellulose with casein bar, 25 (10/15), 10 g	4 weeks	↔ Adiponectin, sICAM-1, IL-6, hs-CRP	High risk
			Oat fiber containing 25-28% β-glucan with casein bar, 23 (NA), 10.5 g	Cellulose with casein bar, 25 (11/14), 10 g	4 weeks	↔ Adiponectin, sICAM-1, IL-6, hs-CRP
Connolly et al. (35) United Kingdom	Crossover	Healthy subjects, 19–60 years	Whole grain oat granola, 30 (11/19), 45 g	Non-whole grain cereal, 30 (11/19), 45 g	6 weeks	↔ CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, Calprotectin, Ig A	Low risk
Xia et al. (39) China	Parallel	Healthy male, 19.7 ± 1.1 years	Oat protein beverage, 8 (8/0), 25 g	Maltodextrin beverage, 8 (8/0), 25 g	19 days	↓ CRP, IL-6	Low risk
Thompson et al. (38) United States	Parallel	Healthy male, 18–30 years	β-Glucan (oat bran) powder, 9 (9/0), 3 g	Muffin mix powder, 11 (11/0), 3 g	4 weeks	↓ 24 h soreness score	High risk
Theuwissen et al. (18) Netherlands	Crossover	Mild hypercholesterolemia, 52 ± 11 years	Oat β-glucan in muesli, 30 (NA), 4.8 g	Wheat fiber in muesli, 30 (NA), 4.8 g	4 weeks	↔ TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, hs-CRP	High risk
Pavadhgul P et al. (36) Thailand	Crossover	Hypercholesterolemia, 30–60 years	Oat porridge, 24 (NA), 70 g	Rice porridge, 24 (NA), 70 g	4 weeks	↓ hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1	High risk
Zhang et al. (44) United Kingdom	Crossover	Type 2 diabetes, 40–75 years	Oat-enriched diet (commercial product), 22 (NA), 131 g	Non-oat product (daily meal), 22 (NA), NA	8 weeks	↔ P-selectin, CRP, IL-18	High risk
Sawicki CM et al. (41) United States	Crossover	Overweight or mildly obese, metabolically at-risk, 40–70 years	Whole oat flour muffins, 13 (8/5), 48 g	Refined wheat flour muffins, 13 (8/5), 48 g	1 day	↔ hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α	Some concerns
Biörklund et al. (40) Sweden	Parallel	Healthy, but with mildly elevated serum cholesterol levels, 35–72 years	Oat β-glucan soup, 22 (NA), 4 g per 400 g soup	Placebo soup, 21 (NA), 0 g per 400 g soup	5 weeks	↔ hs-CRP	Some concerns
Sturtzel et al. (42) Austria	Parallel	Frail patients (57–98 years), who are geriatric hospital residents with multiple chronic diseases and require assistance for their daily life activities	Oat flakes (oat-bran product) blended into common daily meals, 15 (NA), 5.2 g	Ward's habitual diet, 15 (NA), NA	12 weeks	↓ CRP	Some concerns
Queenan et al. (32) United States	Parallel	Hypercholesterolemia, 22–65 years	Oat β-glucan powder in beverage, 35 (22/13), 6 g	Dextrose powder in beverage, 40 (28/12), 6 g	6 weeks	↔ CRP	Some concerns
Cugnet-Anceau et al. (30) France	Parallel	Type 2 diabetes, 30–75 years	Soup containing oat β-glucan, 29 (NA), 3.5 g in 400 g	Soup without oat β-glucan, 24 (NA), 0 g in 400 g	11 weeks	↔ CRP	Some concerns
Maki et al. (45) United States	Parallel	Overweight and obese adults	Whole-grain oat cereal, 77 (NA), 40 g (providing 3 g β-glucan)	Low-fiber breakfast/snack foods, 67 (NA), ~500 kcal	12 weeks	↔ hs-CRP	Some concerns
Wolever et al. (43) Canada	Parallel	Healthy subjects, 20–65 years	High-molecular-weight oat β-glucan-containing cereals, 81 (43/43), 3 g	Wheat bran-containing cereals, 87 (36/51), NA	4 weeks	↔ CRP	Some concerns
			Medium-molecular-weight oat β-glucan-containing cereals, 67 (33/34), 4 g		4 weeks	↔ CRP
			Medium-molecular-weight oat β-glucan-containing cereals, 64 (27/37), 3 g		4 weeks	↔ CRP
			Low-molecular-weight oat β-glucan-containing cereals, 63 (22/41), 4 g		4 weeks	↔ CRP

NA, not available; ↔, no significant change; ↓, significant decrease (p <0.05); ↑, significant increase (p < 0.05).