Hepatic function in DKO mice. (A) Liver tissue was fixed and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed in the indicated genotypes. (B) Lipids and glycogen were extracted from liver tissue of the indicated genotypes. (C) Markers of liver inflammation were examined using qPCR. (D) Creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined from serum from control and DKO mice. (E) Markers of de novo lipogenesis and beta-oxidation were determined by qPCR from the liver mRNA of control and DKO mice. (F) Gpd1 and Gys2 mRNA levels were determined by qPCR from control and DKO mice. (G) Plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels and plasma lipids including triglyceride (TG), phospholipid (PL), total cholesterol (TC), and free cholesterol (FC) were determined. N = 5–8 mice per group. Data are shown as mean +/− SEM ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001, unpaired student t-test.