Table 2.

Details of included studies.

First author, year	Study Area	Subject	Control		Exercise		Endpoints	Results
			Sample Size	Age	Sample Size	Age
Andersen 2016(1/2)33	Denmark	healthy older men	8	67.4 ± 2.7	9	69.1 ± 3.1	HOMA-IR	There were no significant differences between 16 weeks group and 56 weeks group.
Botton 201834	Brazil	overweight, T2DM elderly	13	68.6 ± 7.06	13	70.6 ± 6.7	HbA1c	The training program did not induce significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin values of patients who already had suitable glycemic control.
Brooks 200622	Spain	T2DM elderly	31	66 ± 1	31	66 ± 2	HOMA-IR HbA1c	This was accompanied by reduced insulin resistance [ST: median (interquartile range) −0.7(3.6) vs CON: 0.8(3.8), p = 0.05];
Castaneda 200232	Latin America	T2DM elderly	31	66 ± 1	29	66 ± 2	HbA1c	Sixteen weeks of RT (three times per week) resulted in reduced plasma glycosylated hemoglobin levels (from 8.7 ± 0.3 to 7.6 ± 0.2%)
de Carvalho Bastone 202041	Brazil	Elderly	18	72.50 ± 7.88	17	77.55 ± 4.40	HOMA-IR HbA1c'	There were no significant differences between groups
Dipietro 2008(1/2/3)30	the United States	inactive older women	8	74 ± 5	8	74 ± 5	HOMA-IR	We observed significant improvements in 2-h glucose concentrations at 3, 6, and 9 months among women in the RTL
Fatouros 2005(1/2/3)38	Greece	overweight and inactive elderly	10	69.8 ± 5.1	14	71.1 ± 3.6	HOMA-IR	HOMA-IR increased in all exercise groups (15–39%; P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between groups in the percent HOMA-IR increase
					12	69.7 ± 3.8
					14	70.8 ± 2.8
Hsieh 201835	Taiwan, China	T2DM elderly	15	71.8 ± 4.5	15	70.6 ± 4.2	HbA1c	There were no significant differences between groups
Kim 201836	Korea	Inactive elderly	10	>65	12	>65	HOMA-IR	After six weeks of exercise training, participants in the combined exercise group exhibited significant reduction in insulin, HOMA-IR and chemerin levels, while significant reduction was observed in HOMA-IR only in the resistance exercise group compared with the control group.
Rech 201937	Brazil	T2DM elderly	20	68 ± 6.5	14	70.5 ± 7.4	HbA1c	No significant differences were found for blood lipid profile and glycated hemoglobin for both groups after the intervention period
Shabkhiz 2020(1/2)39	Iran	non-T2DM men	12	72.08 ± 5.33	12	72.08 ± 5.33	HOMA-IR	RT significantly decreased glucose and insulin concentration and HOMAIR compared with the C group (main effect for training; p = 0.001, p = 0.01, p = 0.001; respectively)
		T2DM men	10	72.45 ± 6.00	10	72.45 ± 6.00		RT showed also a decreasing in the values of HOMA-IR, CRP and TNF-α
Tomeleri 201840	Brazil	inactive older women	23	68.8 ± 4.9	22	72.1 ± 6.3	HOMA-IR

The values are shown as the means ± SD.

ST = strength training plus standard care. CON = standard care alone. RT = resistance training. RT_L = lower-intensity resistance training.

T2DM = Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; RM = repetition maximum; rep = repetitions; HOMA-IR = Homeostatic Model of Insulin Resistance; HbA1c = Hemoglobin A.