Table 2.
Studies evaluating immunological parameters in Wilms tumors
| Study | Immunological parameter evaluated | Methodology used | No. patients |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liou et al. Vasc. Cell 201325 | immune infiltration: (TAM ↓∗) | IHC | 124 |
| Maturu et al. Translational Oncology 201426 | immune infiltration (CTL, B cells, TAM, TIN, MC) and inflammatory markers (COX2, HIF1, pStat3, pErk, iNOS, NT, VEGF) | IHC on FFPE patient samples + mouse model (WT1 gene ablation) | 16 |
| Maturu et al. Neoplasia 201727 | immune infiltration (CTL, T-reg, NK, pDC, B cells), inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-23, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL17, CCL22, CCL20, CXCL12), inflammatory markers (COX2, pStat3, HIFa) and IDO. | IHC on FFPE patient samples + mouse model (WT1 gene ablation) | 16 |
| Holl et al. J. Pediatr. Urol. 201928 | immune infiltration (CTL, TAM, T-reg, CD45+, DC, NK) and checkpoint molecules (PD-L1) | IHC | 5 |
| Tian et al. J. Pediatr. Urol. 202029 | immune infiltration (M1 and M2-type TAM↓∗) | IHC, IF, western blot | 61 |
| Vakkila et al. Clinical Cancer Res. 200624 | immune infiltration (CTL, TAM, DC, NK cells) | IHC | 5 |
| Nagai et al. Pediatr. Res. 199723 | immune infiltration (CTL) | tumor culture: CD3+CD4−CD8+ CTL line established from patient TILs | 1 |
| Nanno et al. Eur. J. Immunol. 199222 | immune infiltration (CTL-γ/δ T cell antigen receptors) | Tumor cell culture, IF, northern blotting, DNA-amplification, cloning, and sequencing | 1 |
| Droz et al. Hum. Pathol. 199019 | immune infiltration (CTL, B cells, TAM) | IHC on frozen samples | 12 |
| Haas et al. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 199020 | immune infiltration (CTL, B cells, TAM) | ICC, cell culture | 9 |
| Rivoltini et al. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 199221 | immune infiltration (CTL-γ/δ T cell antigen receptors, B cells), cytokine expression (TGF- β), and adhesion molecules (ICAM1, LFA3) | cell culture | 5 |
| Mardanpour et al. Tumour Biol. 202030 | immune infiltration (CD8+∗) | IHC in FFPE samples | 42 |
| Routh et al. J. Urol. 200840 | checkpoint molecules (PD-L1↓∗) | IHC on FFPE samples | 81 |
| Silva et al. J. Pathol. Clin. Res. 202042 | immune infiltration (CTLs, T-reg, TAM) and checkpoint molecules (PD-1/PD-L1) | 30 | |
| Mochizuki et al. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 201941 | checkpoint molecules (TIM3, LAG 3, BTLA, GAL9, MCH II, HVEM) | IHC on FFPE samples | 10 |
| Pinto et al. Pediatr Blood Cancer 201738 | checkpoint molecules (PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2) | IHC on FFPE samples, mRNA expression | 25 |
| Majzner et al. Clin. Cancer Res. 201944 | checkpoint molecules (B7-H3) | IHC on FFPE samples, flow cytometry | 12 |
| Diniz et al. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 201347 | dMMR/MSI | IHC on FFPE, RT-PCR, FCE | 45 |
| Segers et al. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 201248 | dMMR/MSI | IHC on FFPE, PCR | 100 |
| Mason et al. J. Ped. Surg. 200049 | MSI | PCR | 14 |
| Scursoni et al. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 201052 | cell surface molecules (NeuGc-GM3) | IHC on FFPE samples | 25 |
| Kinoshita et al. Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg. 201459 | cell surface molecules (GPC3) | IHC on FFPE samples, ELISA | 30 |
| Tretiakova et al. Virchows Arch. 201560 | cell surface molecules (GPC3) | IHC on FFPE samples, microarray analysis | 21 |
| Maeurer et al. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 199562 | cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α, INF-γ, GM-CSF, TCR-α, TCR-β) and immune infiltration (CTL, NK, B cells) | cultured cell lines: IHC, flow cytometry, cDNA extraction and amplification | 0 |
| Amarante et al. Int. Rev. Immunol. 201765 | cytokines (TGF- β) | review on the role of TGF-β in WT | 0 |
| Zhang et al. J. Pediatr. Urol. 201464 | cytokines (TGF- β↓∗) | IHC | 51 |
| Schmitt et al. PLoS ONE 201172 | autoantibody signature | seral protein microarray screening | 88 |
| Schmitt et al. Int. J. Cancer 201273 | autoantibody signature | seral protein microarray screening | 110 |
| Zhao et al. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 201976 | apoptosis-associated molecules (WTSP) | IHC, cell culture, western blot | 0 |
| Ghanem et al. Br. J. Cancer 200174 | apoptosis-associated molecules (BCL-2↓∗, BAX, BCL-XS/L) | IHC of FFPE samples, protein extraction, western blot | 61 |
| Re et al. Int. J. Cancer 199975 | apoptosis-associated molecules (BCL-2∗, BCL-XL) | IHC on FFPE and cryostat samples, IF, RNA and northern blot hybridization, RT-PCR, western blot | 13 |
Arrow down (↓) indicates negative prognostic value. Absence of arrow indicates that no significant correlation to overall survival (OS) or recurrence free survival (RFS) could be found. IHC, immunohistochemistry; FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded; IF, immunofluorescence; FCE, fluorescence capillary electrophoresis; RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; TAM, tumor-associated macrophages; TIN, tumor-infiltrating neutrophils; MC, mast cells; NK , natural killer cells; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cells; DC, dendritic cells; TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
∗Prognostic relevant factor.