Table 2.
The basic characteristics of the included studies
| Study Name | Author | Publication year | Country | Sample Size | Mean Age (SD) | Male, No (%) | Intervention length, y | Intervention Type | Dose of EPA/DHA (mg/d) | Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DOIT | Einvik et al | 2010 | Norway | 563 | 70 (3) | 563 (100) | 3 | Fish oil | 1150/800 | Corn oil Background formula |
| AREDS-2 | Bonds et al | 2014 | United States | 4203 | 74 (NA) | 1816 (43.2) | 4.5 | NA | 650/350 | with partial Lutein+zeaxanthin* |
| SU.FOL..OM3 | Galan et al | 2010 | France | 2501 | 61 (NA) | 1987 (79.4) | 4.7 | Fish oil | 400/200 | Gelatin |
| JELIS | Yokoyama et al | 2007 | Japan | 18645 | 61 (8) | 5859 (31.4) | 4.6 | Ethyl esters | 1800/NA | No supplement |
| EPA+DHA | ||||||||||
| Alpha Omega | Kromhout et al | 2010 | The Netherlands | 4837 | 69 (6) | 3783 (78.2) | 3.3 | enriched | 226/150 | Oleic-acid margarine |
| Margarine | ||||||||||
| OMEGA | Rauch et al | 2010 | Germany | 3818 | 64 (NA) | 2841 (74.4) | 1 | Ethyl esters | 460/380 | Olive oil |
| Risk & Prevention | Roncaglioni et al | 2013 | Italy | 12505 | 64 (NA) | 7687 (61.5) | 5 | Ethyl esters | 500/500 | Olive oil |
| GISSI-HF | Tavazzi et al | 2008 | Italy | 6975 | 67 (11) | 5459 (78.3) | 3.9 | Ethyl esters | 850/950 | No supplement |
| ORIGIN | Bosch et al | 2012 | 40 countries | 12536 | 64 (8) | 8150(65.0) | 6.2 | Ethyl esters | 465/375 | Olive oil |
| GISSI-P | Valagussa et al | 1999 | Italy | 11334 | 59 (11) | 9658 (85.2) | 3.5 | Ethyl esters | 850/1700 | No supplement |
| REDUCE-IT | Bhatt et al | 2019 | United States | 8179 | 64 (NA) | 5822 (71.2) | 4.9 | Icosapent ethyl | 4000/0 | NA |
| SOFA | Brouwer et al | 2006 | 8 countries | 546 | 61 (NA) | 459 (84.1) | 1 | Fish oil | 464/335 | high-oleic-acid sunflower oil |
| FORWARD | Macchia et al | 2013 | Argentina | 586 | 66(11.3) | 321(54.8) | 1 | Ethyl esters | 866 (850-882) | Olive oil |
| CART | Johansen et al | 1999 | Norway | 500 | 60 (NA) | 390 (78) | 0.5 | Ethyl esters | 2790/2250 | corn oil |
NA: not available;
*
It is 2 × 2 factorial-designed RCT supplemented ω-3 PUFA (350-mg DHA + 650-mg EPA), macular xanthophylls (10-mg lutein + 2-mg zeaxanthin) with background therapy of ascorbic acid (500 mg), vitamin E (dl-alpha tocopherol acetate, 400 IU), beta carotene (15 mg), and zinc (80-mg zinc oxide) with copper (2-mg cupric oxide);
Experiment group received 1 g n-3 PUFA (provided by SPA and Sigma-Tau, Italy), which provide 850 to 882 mg eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid ethyl esters.