Table 4.
The overview of studies based on the use of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) as a carrier for delivery of TRAIL to treat human tumors (in vitro and in vivo).
| Cancer | Cell line/model | Result (Ref) |
|---|---|---|
| Neuroblastoma | Tumor-bearing NOD/SCID mice | MSC-TRAIL migration to tumor tissue resulted in abrogated tumor growth in xenografts (118) |
| NSCLC | H460 and H2170 cell line | Inducing the apoptosis intrinsic pathway by affecting mitochondria membrane potential and also NFKB1, BAG3, MCL1, GADD45A, and HRK expression (116) |
| Breast cancer | MCF-7 cell line | Induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells co-cultured with modified MSC-coexpressing Smac and TRAIL (123) |
| SCC | H357 cell line | Induction of apoptosis of tumor cells along with suppressing colony formation (124) |
| NSCLC | A549 cell line | |
| Various cancers | A549, MDAMB23, H357, and Hela cell line | Inducing all cell lines apoptosis in vitro (117) |
| Tumor-bearing NOD/SCID mice | Abrogation of tumor growth in subcutaneous xenograft (117) | |
| Esophageal cancer | Eca-109 cell line | Inhibition of the proliferation and induction of apoptosis in Eca-109 cells (125) |
| Eca-109 cell-bearing BALB/c nude mice | Suppression of tumor growth in xenografts (125) | |
| Multiple myeloma | U-266 cell line | Inducing apoptosis in U-266 cells in vitro (120) |
| U-266 cell-bearing SCID mice | Attenuation of tumor burden by selective stimulation of apoptosis in U-266 cells stimulated by caspase-3 activation in vivo (120) | |
| NSCLC | A549 cell-bearing mice | Marked regression in tumor growth in xenografts (126, 127) |
| Pancreatic cancer | CFPAC-1 cell line | Enhancement of the antitumor effects the of MSC-TRAIL secretome by priming with paclitaxel in vitro (121) |
| Glioblastoma | U87-MG cell line | |
| HCC | MHCC97-H cell line | Induction of apoptosis in MHCC97-H cells co-cultured with cisplatin plus MSC-TRAIL by upregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5) in vitro (128) |
| Tumor cell-bearing BALB/c nude mice | Abrogation of tumor growth in MHCC97-H xenografts by combination therapy using cisplatin plus MSC-TRAIL (128) | |
| HCC | N1-S1, HepG2, and MHCC97-H cell line | Inducing apoptosis in tumor cells by upregulation of caspase-3, and DR4 and DR5 expression (119) |
| HS-N1-S1 cell-bearing nude mice | Inhibition of tumor growth leading to improved survival (119) | |
| Melanoma | B16F0 cell-bearing nude mice | Suppression of tumor growth and reduction of tumor weights (129) |
| Brain metastatic breast cancer | MDA-MB-23-bearing SCID mice | Induction of selective apoptosis in tumor cells by MSCs modified to co-overexpress CXCR4 and TRAIL (130) |
| SCC | Tumor cell-bearing nude mice | Marked inhibition in tumor growth in vivo (131) |
| Glioma | U-87MG cell-bearing nude mice | Enhancing the MSC-TRAIL tumor tropism and subsequent tumor counteraction by irradiation in glioma xenografts (132) |
| Mesothelioma | Isoflurane-induced NOD/SCID mice | Efficient homing of the MSC-TRAIL to malignant pleural mesothelioma and reducing the tumor growth (133, 134) |
| HMESO cell-bearing SCID mice | ||
| Glioma | U87MG cell xenografts | Significant and selective elimination of malignant cells supporting prolonged survival in xenografts (135) |
| Colon cancer | HCT116 cell-bearing CD1 nude mice | Induction of the p53-independent antitumor effects by combine treatment of MSC-TRAIL and 5-fluorouracil (136) |
| Ewing sarcoma | A-673, SK-N-MC, and SK-ES-1 cell line | Stimulating apoptosis by cell-to-cell contact in all cell lines (137) |
| A-673 cell-bearing nude mice | Suppressed tumor growth in xenografts by inducing the caspase activation (137) |
TRAIL/Apo2L, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; NSCLC, nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; BAG3, BAG cochaperone 3; MCL1, myeloid cell leukemia 1; GADD45A, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible alpha; HRK, Harakiri.