TABLE 1.
Magnitude of increases in lifespan after gonadectomy or behavioral interventions that prevent reproductive death.
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Lifespana
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| Species, genotype | Sex | Intervention | Conditions, strain | Control | Treated | % change | References |
| C. elegans | |||||||
| + | Hermaphrodite | Germline ablation (laser) | 20°C, agar plates | 19.4 d | 31.8 d | +63.9 | Hsin and Kenyon, 1999 |
| daf-2(e1370) | Hermaphrodite | Germline ablation (laser) | 20°C, agar plates | 43.2 d | 75.7 d | +75.2 | Hsin and Kenyon, 1999 |
| + | Hermaphrodite | Germline ablation (laser) | 20°C, monoxenic liquid | 16.8 d | 35.0 d | +108 | McCulloch, 2003 |
| daf-2(e1368), daf-2 RNAi | Hermaphrodite | Germline ablation (laser) | 20°C, agar plates | 51.0 d | 124.1 d | +143 | Arantes-Oliveira et al., 2003 |
| Caenorhabditis species | |||||||
| C. elegans | Hermaphrodite | Germline ablation (laser) | 20°C, agar plates | 16.7 d | 35 d | +109.4 | Kern et al., 2020 |
| C. inopinata | Female | Germline ablation (laser) | 20°C, agar plates | 23.5 d | 30.7 d | +30.6 | Kern et al., 2020 |
| C. tropicalis | Hermaphrodite | Germline ablation (laser) | 20°C, agar plates | 18.8 d | 35.9 d | +91 | Kern et al., 2020 |
| C. wallacei | Female | Germline ablation (laser) | 20°C, agar plates | 28.7 d | 33.9 d | +18.5 | Kern et al., 2020 |
| C. briggsae | Hermaphrodite | Germline ablation (laser) | 20°C, agar plates | 17.1 d | 31 d | +81.5 | Kern et al., 2020 |
| C. nigoni | Female | Germline ablation (laser) | 20°C, agar plates | 29.7 d | 34 d | +14.5 | Kern et al., 2020 |
| Pristionchus species | |||||||
| P. pacificus | Hermaphrodite | Germline ablation (laser) | 20°C, agar plates | 24.7 d | 40.5 d | +64 | Kern et al., 2020 |
| P. exspectatus | Female | Germline ablation (laser) | 20°C, agar plates | 43.1 d | 44.3 d | +2.7 | Kern et al., 2020 |
| Semelparous (with reproductive death) | |||||||
| Glycine max (soy bean) | Monoecious | Flower removal | 119 d | 179 d | +50.4 | Leopold et al., 1959 | |
| O. hummelincki (octopus) | Female | Optic gland removal | 51 d | 277 d | +443 | Wodinsky, 1977 | |
| A. anguila (eel) | Unknown | Prevention of sea run | Fresh water | 9 y b | 55 y | +511 | Tesch, 1977 |
| A. anguila (eel) | Unknown | Prevention of sea run | Fresh water | 9 y b | 88 y | +877 | Vladykov, 1956 |
| O. nerka (salmon) | Both sexes | Castration | 4.8 y | 8.5 y | +77.0 | Robertson, 1961 | |
| A. stuarti (marsupial) | Male | Lab capture prior to mating | 1 y | 3 y | +200 | Olsen, 1971 | |
| Iteroparous | |||||||
| D. subobscura | Female | grandchildless mutation | 20°C, virgin | 58.7 dc | 67.6 dc | +15.1d | Maynard Smith, 1958 |
| D. melanogaster | Female | germ cell-less mutation | 25°C, virgin | 44 d | 38 d | −13.6 | Barnes et al., 2006 |
| D. melanogaster | Female | tudor mutation | 25°C, virgin | 71 d | 57 d | −19.7 | Barnes et al., 2006 |
| D. melanogaster | Female | bag of marbles over-expression | 25°C | 32,28 d | 42 d | +31.3, 50.0 | Flatt et al., 2008 |
| D. melanogaster | Male | bag of marbles over-expression | 25°C | 38,36 d | 46 d | +21.0, 27.8 | Flatt et al., 2008 |
| R. microptera (grasshopper) | Female | Ovariectomy | 28°C | 167 d | 205 d | +22.7 | Hatle et al., 2008 |
| R. microptera (grasshopper) | Female | Ovariectomy | 32°C, 24°C | 245 d | 285 d | +16.3 | Drewry et al., 2011 |
| M. musculus (mouse) | Female | Ovariectomy before puberty | CBA/J | 599 d | 540 d | −9.8 | Cargill et al., 2003 |
| R. norwegicus (rat) | Male | Castration at birth | Inbred Lewis | 454 d | 521 d | +14.7 | Talbert and Hamilton, 1965 |
| R. norwegicus (rat) | Male | Castration just before puberty | Osborne-Mendel Yale | 615 d | 651 d | +5.8 | Asdell et al., 1967 |
| R. norwegicus (rat) | Female | Ovariectomy just before puberty | Osborne-Mendel Yale | 742 d | 669 d | −9.8 | Asdell et al., 1967 |
| R. norwegicus (rat) | Male | Castration just before puberty | Norway albino | 727 d | 817 d | +21.7 | Drori and Folman, 1976 |
| F. catus (cat) | Male | Castration | 4.9 y | 8.2 y | +67.3 | Hamilton et al., 1969 | |
| F. catus (cat) | Female | Spayed | 6.8 y | 8.4 y | +23.5 | Hamilton et al., 1969 | |
| F. catus (cat) | Both sexes | Gonadectomy | 11.0 y | 15.0 y | +36.3 | O’Neill et al., 2015 | |
| C. lupus familiaris (dog) | Both sexes | Gonadectomy | 7.9 y | 9.4 y | +18.9 | Hoffman et al., 2013 | |
| H. sapiens | Male | Castration | 55.7 y | 69.3 y | +24.4 | Hamilton and Mestler, 1969 | |
| H. sapiens | Female | Oophorectomy | 65.2 y | 65.2 y | +0 | Hamilton and Mestler, 1969 | |
| H. sapiens | Male | Castration | 50.9 y | 70.0 y | +37.5 | Min et al., 2012 | |
| H. sapiens | Male | Castration | 55.6 y | 70.0 y | +25.8 | Min et al., 2012 | |
a Mean lifespan (median lifespan, italics; maximum lifespan, underlined). d, days. y, years.
b Eels normally live 6–12 y; the median value is taken here.
c Life expectancy at age 10 days.
d It might be significant that the strain of D. subobscura used in this study mated only once, in contrast to D. melanogaster which can remate multiple times (Partridge and Sibly, 1991). Also included here are behavioral interventions that prevent reproductive death. It is notable that the magnitude of reported experimentally induced increases in lifespan, expressed in terms of proportional increase in lifespan, are generally greater in semelparous than iteroparous organisms.