Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Participants.
| Characteristic | No. (%) or No./total No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 68) | Intervention group (n = 34) | Control group (n = 34) | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 12 (17.6) | 6 (17.6) | 6 (17.6) |
| Female | 56 (82.4) | 28 (82.4) | 28 (82.4) |
| Age, y | |||
| Mean (SD) | 71.8 (6.1) | 72.2 (5.9) | 71.3 6.1 |
| Median (range) | 71 (61-85) | 71 (62-85) | 71 (61-84) |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 6 (8.8) | 2 (5.9) | 4 (11.8) |
| Married | 34 (50.0) | 17 (50.0) | 17 (50.0) |
| Divorced | 5 (7.4) | 1 (2.9) | 4 (11.8) |
| Widowed | 23 (33.8) | 14 (41.2) | 9 (26.5) |
| Educational level | |||
| No formal education | 5 (7.4) | 1 (2.9) | 4 (11.8) |
| Primary | 24 (35.3) | 12 (35.3) | 12 (35.3) |
| Secondary | 37 (54.4) | 21 (61.8) | 16 (47.1) |
| Tertiary or above | 2 (2.9) | 0 | 2 (5.9) |
| Occupation | |||
| Full-time | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Part-time | 1/67 (1.5) | 1/33 (3.0) | 0 |
| Unemployed | 2/67 (3.0) | 1/33 (3.0) | 1/34 (2.9) |
| Retired | 64/67 (95.5) | 31/33 (93.9) | 33/34 (97.1) |
| Living area | |||
| Apartment | 68 (100) | 34 (100) | 34 (100) |
| A room | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| A bed | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Living with | |||
| Alone | 21 (30.9) | 9 (26.5) | 12 (35.3) |
| Spouse | 17 (25.0) | 10 (29.4) | 7 (20.6) |
| Child | 30 (44.1) | 15 (44.1) | 15 (44.1) |
| Financial status | |||
| More than sufficient | 7 (10.3) | 4 (11.8) | 3 (8.8) |
| Barely sufficient | 57 (83.8) | 29 (85.3) | 28 (82.4) |
| Not sufficient | 4 (5.9) | 1 (2.9) | 3 (8.8) |
| Far from sufficient | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Financial support | |||
| From salary | |||
| No | 67 (98.5) | 33 (97.1) | 34 (100) |
| Yes | 1 (1.5) | 1 (2.9) | 0 |
| From relative | |||
| No | 32 (47.1) | 15 (44.1) | 17 (50.0) |
| Yes | 36 (52.9) | 19 (55.9) | 17 (50.0) |
| From savings | |||
| No | 42 (61.8) | 23 (67.6) | 19 (55.9) |
| Yes | 26 (38.2) | 11 (32.4) | 15 (44.1) |
| From pension | |||
| No | 60 (88.2) | 30 (88.2) | 30 (88.2) |
| Yes | 8 (11.8) | 4 (11.8) | 4 (11.8) |
| CSSA | |||
| No | 64 (94.1) | 32 (94.1) | 32 (94.1) |
| Yes | 4 (5.9) | 2 (5.9) | 2 (5.9) |
| Old age allowance (HKD 1235/mo) | |||
| No | 33 (48.5) | 19 (55.9) | 14 (41.2) |
| Yes | 35 (51.5) | 15 (44.1) | 20 (58.8) |
| Normal disability allowance (HKD 1450/mo) | |||
| No | 66 (97.1) | 32 (94.1) | 34 (100) |
| Yes | 2 (2.9) | 2 (5.9) | 0 |
| High disability allowance (HKD 3160/mo) | |||
| No | 68 (100) | 34 (100) | 34 (100) |
| Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Caregiver | |||
| Other than self | 68 (100) | 34 (100) | 34 (100) |
| Spouse | 23 (33.8) | 11 (32.4) | 12 (35.3) |
| Sibling | 5 (7.4) | 2 (5.9) | 3 (8.8) |
| Child | 29 (42.6) | 16 (47.1) | 13 (38.2) |
| Son-in-law or daughter-in-law | 2 (2.9) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (2.9) |
| Friend | 6 (8.8) | 3 (8.8) | 3 (8.8) |
| Neighbor | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (2.9) |
| Center volunteer | 7 (10.3) | 3 (8.8) | 4 (11.8) |
| Domestic helper | 2 (2.9) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (2.9) |
Abbreviation: CSSA, comprehensive social security allowance.