Table 1. Age-Standardized Baseline Participant Characteristics According to Alcohol Consumption Among Women With a History of Gestational Diabetes.
| Characteristic | Baseline alcohol consumptiona | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 g/d (n = 2386) | 0.1-4.9 g/d (n = 1700) | 5.0-14.9 g/d (n = 541) | ≥15.0 g/d (n = 113) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | ||||
| At baseline | 38.1 (5.0) | 38.0 (4.9) | 38.7 (5.3) | 39.6 (4.8) |
| At first birth | 27.2 (5.0) | 27.6 (4.9) | 28.0 (5.2) | 27.8 (4.6) |
| At index gestational diabetes pregnancy | 32.3 (4.9) | 32.1 (4.6) | 33.1 (5.0) | 33.3 (5.0) |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||
| White | 2110 (88.4) | 1589 (93.4) | 504 (93.6) | 111 (96.5) |
| Black | 53 (2.2) | 18 (1.1) | 5 (1.0) | 0 |
| Hispanic | 50 (2.1) | 24 (1.4) | 10 (1.8) | 1 (2.7) |
| Asian | 101 (4.3) | 17 (1.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0 |
| Other | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| Family history of diabetes, No. (%) | 667 (28.0) | 442 (26.0) | 130 (24.2) | 33 (28.5) |
| Parity, No. (%) | ||||
| 1 | 459 (19.7) | 323 (19.2) | 106 (19.5) | 18 (16.4) |
| 2 | 1042 (43.6) | 777 (45.7) | 267 (49.5) | 50 (53.5) |
| 3 | 562 (23.6) | 422 (24.9) | 117 (21.7) | 23 (20.1) |
| ≥4 | 268 (11.3) | 152 (9,0) | 44 (8.0) | 10 (8.6) |
| Oral contraceptive use, No. (%) | ||||
| Current | 143 (6.0) | 131 (7.7) | 50 (9.4) | 14 (14.2) |
| Former | 1875 (78.6) | 1344 (79.0) | 419 (77.5) | 96 (83.4) |
| Never | 349 (14.6) | 215 (12.9) | 71 (13.0) | 3 (2.4) |
| Postmenopausal, No. (%) | 142 (6.0) | 77 (4.9) | 29 (4.2) | 4 (2.9) |
| Smoking status, No. (%) | ||||
| Current | 219 (9.2) | 195 (11.4) | 75 (13.8) | 26 (21.9) |
| Former | 440 (18.5) | 450 (26.6) | 179 (33.3) | 33 (32.0) |
| Never | 1727 (72.3) | 1055 (62.0) | 287 (52.8) | 54 (46.1) |
| BMI at baseline, mean (SD) | 28.1 (6.8) | 26.4 (6.0) | 24.8 (5.0) | 24.7 (4.8) |
| Physical activity level, mean (SD), MET h/wk | 15.4 (19.9) | 18.2 (24.3) | 21.7 (24.7) | 23.2 (35.7) |
| Length of lactation, mean (SD), mo | 15.4 (15.5) | 14.4 (13.5) | 14.9 (14.2) | 13.8 (12.2) |
| Total calories consumed, mean (SD), kcal/d | 1879 (590) | 1918 (552) | 2030 (555) | 2122 (566) |
| AHEI-2010 score, mean (SD) | 42.4 (10.5) | 43.7 (10.0) | 45.2 (10.6) | 43.1 (9.5) |
| SSB, mean (SD), servings/d | 0.6 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.7) |
| Coffee consumption, mean (SD), servings/d | 1.0 (1.5) | 1.4 (1.6) | 1.8 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.6) |
| Tea consumption, mean (SD), servings/d | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.1) | 0.7 (1.1) | 0.5 (0.9) |
| Alcohol consumption, median (IQR), servings/d | ||||
| Total | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 1.8 (0.9-2.7) | 8.3 (6.2-11.0) | 21.6 (16.5-29.5) |
| Liquor | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 0.1 (0.0-0.4) |
| Beer | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 0.1 (0.0-0.4) | 0.9 (0.1-1.4) |
| Wine | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.1 (0.0-0.1) | 0.3 (0.1-0.5) | 0.4 (0.1-0.9) |
Abbreviations: AHEI-2010, Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 with alcohol component removed; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); IQR, interquartile range; MET, metabolic equivalent; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverages.
a
Data are from the Nurses’ Health Study II (1989-2017).10 All values except age are directly standardized to the age distribution of the study population. Baseline was defined as 1991 for prevalent gestational diabetes and the year of the index pregnancy for incident gestational diabetes. Comparisons across categories of alcohol consumption were statistically significant (P < .05) for all variables except family history of diabetes.