Table 4. Type of Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Women With a History of Gestational Diabetes.
| Variable | Cumulative mean consumption of alcoholic drinks | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Servings/mo | Servings/wk | |||
| 1 | 2-3a | ≥1 or 1-2b | ≥3 | ||
| Liquor | |||||
| Servings, median (IQR) | 0 | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | 2.0 (1.6-2.1) | 1.7 (1.2-3.0) | NA |
| Women, No. | 3106 | 706 | 645 | 283 | NA |
| Women with type 2 diabetes, No. | 645 | 118 | 92 | 42 | NA |
| Person-years | 56 474 | 8311 | 9140 | 4402 | NA |
| Age-adjusted analysis, HR (95% CI) | 1 [Reference] | 1.26 (1.00-1.58) | 1.06 (0.83-1.37) | 1.29 (0.90-1.84) | NA |
| Multivariable analysis, HR (95% CI)c | 1 [Reference] | 1.10 (0.87-1.40) | 1.00 (0.76-1.31) | 1.20 (0.82-1.77) | NA |
| Multivariable analysis including BMI, HR (95% CI)d | 1 [Reference] | 1.13 (0.87-1.46) | 1.11 (0.83-1.47) | 1.10 (0.72-1.68) | NA |
| Beer | |||||
| Servings, median (IQR) | 0 | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | 2.0 (2.0-3.1) | 1.5 (1.2-2.0) | 4.2 (3.3-6.0) |
| Women, No. | 2872 | 457 | 810 | 395 | 206 |
| Women with type 2 diabetes, No. | 626 | 77 | 136 | 37 | 21 |
| Person-years | 49 161 | 5506 | 13 268 | 6255 | 4138 |
| Age-adjusted analysis, HR (95% CI) | 1 [Reference] | 1.02 (0.78-1.33) | 0.91 (0.73-1.13) | 0.53 (0.37-0.77) | 0.53 (0.33-0.84) |
| Multivariable analysis, HR (95% CI)c | 1 [Reference] | 1.11 (0.84-1.47) | 0.87 (0.69-1.09) | 0.49 (0.34-0.72) | 0.55 (0.34-0.89) |
| Multivariable analysis including BMI, HR (95% CI)d | 1 [Reference] | 0.96 (0.71-1.31) | 0.81 (0.63-1.04) | 0.55 (0.36-0.83) | 0.60 (0.36-1.00) |
| Wine | |||||
| Servings, median (IQR) | 0 | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | 2.0 (2.0-3.1) | 1.6 (1.2-2.0) | 4.4 (3.5-6.0) |
| Women, No. | 1922 | 572 | 1163 | 675 | 408 |
| Women with type 2 diabetes, No. | 452 | 103 | 234 | 73 | 35 |
| Person-years | 36 289 | 7023 | 19 270 | 9429 | 16 317 |
| Age-adjusted analysis, HR (95% CI) | 1 [Reference] | 0.98 (0.77-1.25) | 0.86 (0.71-1.04) | 0.58 (0.44-0.78) | 0.46 (0.31-0.67) |
| Multivariable analysis, HR (95% CI)c | 1 [Reference] | 1.06 (0.82-1.37) | 0.95 (0.78-1.17) | 0.77 (0.56-1.05) | 0.56 (0.37-0.86) |
| Multivariable analysis including BMI, HR (95% CI)d | 1 [Reference] | 1.16 (0.87-1.54) | 1.11 (0.89-1.39) | 0.97 (0.69-1.36) | 0.73 (0.46-1.15) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; IQR, interquartile range.
The 2 to 3 servings per month category includes all values greater than 1 serving per month to less than 1 serving per week and therefore includes some values greater than 1 but less than 2 servings per month. However, for simplicity the label is 2 to 3 servings per month.
For liquor, column shows data for 1 or more servings; for beer and wine, 1 to 2 servings. The upper bounds for liquor, beer, and wine were 4.9 servings per day, 4.6 servings per day, and 3.2 servings per day, respectively.
Adjusted for age, parity (1, 2, 3, or ≥4), age at first birth (12-24, 25-29, or ≥30 years), race/ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, or other), family history of diabetes (yes or no), oral contraceptive use (current, former, or never), menopausal status (premenopausal or postmenopausal), cigarette smoking status (current, former, or never), lactation (<1 month, 1-6 months, 6 to 12 months, 12 to 24 months, or >24 months), physical activity (quartiles), total energy intake (quartiles), Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 diet quality score (quartiles), coffee consumption (quartiles), tea consumption (quartiles). Each alcohol type model was concurrently adjusted for intake of other types of alcohol (ie, liquor model was adjusted for beer and wine).
Multivariable model additionally adjusted for BMI (continuous).