Table 2.

Alterations in gut microbiota in metabolic disorders and IBD.

Metabolic Disorders

IBD

In obesity No difference in bacterial diversity [156] (phylum) ↑Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes [155,156], ↑Proteobacteria * [162] (class) ↓Clostridia * [162] (order) ↓Clostridiales * [162] (family) ↑Lachnospiraceae [160,162], ↑Bacilli, Enterobacteriaceae *, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae [162], ↓Christensenellaceae [158,162], ↓Clostridiaceae *, Dehalobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae * [162] (genus) ↑Bacillus, opportunistic pathogens (Escherichia *, Fusobacterium, Shigella *) [161], ↑ Fusobacterium, Ruminococcus * [160], ↑Blautia * [162], ↓Bifidobacterium *, Faecalibacterium * [161], ↓Oscillospira [158,162], (species) ↑Lactobacillus reuteri [157], ↑Bacteroides fragilis, Lactobacillus spp. [159], ↓Bifidobacterium animalis [157], ↓Methanobrevibacter smithii [157,158], ↓Akkermansia muciniphila [90], ↓Bifidobacterium spp. * [159] In T2D No difference in bacterial diversity [163] (order) ↑Clostridiales [164], ↓Clostridiales* [165] (genus) ↑Lactobacillus [164], ↑Dorea, Ruminococcus *, Sutterella and Streptococcus (in prediabetes) [165], ↑Ruminococcus * [165,166,167], ↑Blautia * [166,168], ↑Fusobacterium [169], ↑pro-inflammatory bacteria (Escherichia *, Enterobacter, Methanobrevibacter, Treponema) [170], ↓Bacteroides [166,167,168,171], ↓Roseburia * [164,166,167,172], ↓Clostridium [164,165], ↓Bifidobacterium * [167,169], ↓anti-inflammatory (Anaerostipes, Blautia, Coprococcus, Lachnospira, Phascolarctobacterium, Roseburia *) [170] (Species) ↑opportunistic pathogens (Bacteroides caccae, Clostridium hathewayi, C. ramosum, C. symbiosum, Eggerthella lenta, E. coli *) [163], ↑opportunistic pathogens (Clostridium clostridioforme, C. bolteae, C. hathewayi, Streptococcus mutans), Lactobacillus gasseri [164], ↑genes belong to Akkermansia muciniphila [163], ↓Faecalibacterium prausnitzii * [163,164,166], ↓butyrate-producing bacteria (Clostridiales sp. SS3/4, Eubacterium rectale, F. prausnitzii *, Roseburia intestinalis *, Roseburia inulinivorans *) [163], ↓Akkermansia muciniphila [90,165,166,173] (in mesenteric adipose tissue) ↓Bacterial diversity, ↑Enterobacteriaceae *, ↓Faecalibacterium * [174](in plasma) ↑Enterobacteriaceae * [174] In NAFLD ↓Bacterial diversity [175] (phylum) ↑Proteobacteria * [176,177,178], ↑Verrucomicrobia [178](class) ↑Bacteroidia [179], ↓Clostridia * [179](family) ↑Enterobacteriaceae * [180], ↑Kiloniellaceae, Pasteurellaceae, Veillonellaceae * [176], ↓Rikenellaceae [175,180], ↓Bifidobacteriaceae [180], ↓Ruminococcaceae [176,179,180] (genus) ↑Dorea [175,176], ↑Peptoniphilus [175,180], ↑Escherichia * [178,180], ↑Ruminococcus * [175,181], ↑Bacteroides [181], ↑Bradyrhizobium, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus [175], ↑Acidaminococcus, Akkermansia, Eggerthella, Flavonifractor [178], ↓Coprococcus [178,179,180], ↓Eubacterium [178,180], ↓Faecalibacterium * [180], ↓Prevotella [178,181], ↓Anaerosporobacter [179], ↓Oscillospira [175] (species) ↑ Clostridium coccoides, E. coli * [180], ↑Propionibacterium acnes [175,181], ↓Bacteroides fragilis [181]

In both CD and UC ↓Bacterial diversity [182,183](phylum) ↓Bacteroidetes [182,184], ↓Firmicutes [182,184] class) ↓Clostridia * [182], ↑Gammaproteobacteria [182] (family) ↑Bacteroidaceae [185], ↓Ruminococcaceae * [182,185,186], ↓Clostridiaceae * [185](genus) ↑Escherichia *, (transcription levels of) Blautia * and Lachnoclostridium [187], ↓Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium *, Lactobacillus [182], ↓ Alistipes, Faecalibacterium *, Roseburia *, Subdoligranulum [187] (species) ↑Bacteriodes fragilis, B. vulgatus [185,188], ↑E. coli *, Klebsiella pneumonia [185,189], ↑Alistipes putredinis, Roseburia intestinalis * [188], ↑(mucolytic) Ruminococcus gnavus * [188,189,190,191], ↑Ruminococcus torques [189], ↑(transcription levels of) Clostridium bolteae, Clostridium hathewayi, and Ruminococcus gnavus * [189], ↓(butyrate-producing) Faecalibacterium prausnitzii *, Roseburia hominis * [15,182,185,189,192,193,194] In CD (phylum) ↑Proteobacteria * [195], ↓Bacteroidetes [196] (order) ↑Clostridiales [197], ↓Bacteroidales, Clostridiales *, Erysipelotrichales [198] (family) ↑Enterobacteriaceae * [182], ↑Fusobacteriaceae, Pasteurellacaea, Veillonellaceae * [198], ↑Ruminococcaceae [197] (genus) ↑Escherichia * [185,192], ↑Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Veillonella [192], ↑Shigella * [185], ↑Faecalibacterium, Fusobacterium [197], ↓ Akkermansia, Alistipes, Coprococcus, Dorea, Eubacterium, Odoribacter, Parabacteroides, Prevotella, Roseburia *, Ruminococcus [192] (species) ↓Bifidobacterium longum [185], ↓Faecalibacterium prausnitzii *, Roseburia hominis * [189] In UC (phylum) ↑Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria * [199], ↓Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia [199] (order) ↓butyrate-producers of Clostridiales * [200] (family) ↑Enterobacteriaceae * [198], ↑Staphylococcaceae, Streptococcaceae, Veillonellaceae [199], ↓Akkermansiaceae, Bacteroidaceae [199] (genus) ↑Bacillus, Escherichia *, Shigella *, Peptostreptococcus, Veillonella [199], ↓Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium *, Faecalibacterium * [199] (species) ↓Faecalibacterium prausnitzii *, Roseburia hominis * [194]

* Possible links between metabolic disorders and IBD.