Table 1.
Familial Parkinson’s genes identified until 2020. Details are presented on the proteins encoded by these genes, their function, the pathway they are involved in, and what type of Parkinson’s they are associated with.
| Gene | Alternative Gene Names | Gene Locus | Protein | Protein Function and Cell Pathway Governed | Onset of Familial PD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SNCA | PARK 1 or PARK4 | 4q22.1 | α-synuclein | Synaptic vesicles trafficking | Early |
| Unknown | PARK3 | 2p13 | Unknown | Unknown | Late |
| UCHL1 | PARK5 | 4p13 | Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 | Proteasome system | Late |
| LRRK2 | PARK8 | 12q12 | Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 | Autophagy processing | Late |
| HTRA2 | PARK13 | 2p13.1 | HtrA serine peptidase 2 | Mitophagy development | Unknown |
| VPS35 | PARK17 | 16q12 | Vacuolar protein sorting 35 | Endosome regulation | Late |
| EIF4G1 | PARK18 | 3q27.1 | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 | Protein translation | Late |
| DNAJC13 | PARK21 | 3q22.1 | DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C13 | Endosome regulation | Late |
| CHCHD2 | PARK22 | 7p11.2 | Coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 | Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and metabolism | Late/Early |
| PRKN | PARK2 | 6q26 | Parkin | Mitophagy development | Early |
| PINK1 | PARK6 | 1p36.12 | PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 | Mitophagy development | Early |
| DJ-1 | PARK7 | 1p36.23 | DJ-1 | Mitophagy development | Early |
| ATP13A2 | PARK9 | 1p36.13 | ATPase cation transporting 13A2 | Lysosomal function | Early |
| GIGYF2 | PARK11 | 2q36-7 | GRB10 interacting GYF protein 2 | Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) signaling | Early |
| PLA2G6 | PARK14 | 22q13.1 | Phospholipase A2 group VI | Lipids metabolism | Early |
| FBXO7 | PARK15 | 22q12.3 | F-box protein 7 | Mitophagy development | Early |
| DNAJC6 | PARK19 | 1p31.3 | DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C6 | Endosome regulation | Early |
| SYNJ1 | PARK20 | 21q22.11 | Synaptojanin 1 | Endosome regulation | Early |
| VPS13C | PARK23 | 15q22.2 | Vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog C | Mitophagy development | Early |
| Unknown | PARK10 | 1p32 | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| Unknown | PARK12 | Xq21–q22 | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| Unknown | PARK16 | 1q32 | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| GBA | - | 1q22 | Glucosylceramidase beta | Lysosomal function | Late |
| LRP10 | - | - | LDLR-related protein 10 | Retinoid metabolism and transport | Late |