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. 2021 Aug 24;22(17):9149. doi: 10.3390/ijms22179149

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) The magnetic anisotropy energy barrier (ΔE) as a function of the angle between the easy axis and the magnetization orientation in a single magnetic domain regime. (b) Schematic presentation of the magnetic loss from MNPs through Neel and Brownian relaxation. (i) Neel relaxation: magnetic spins rotate while the particles remain fixed. (ii) Brownian relaxation: magnetic spins remain fixed along the crystalline axis while the particles physically rotate. (c) Relaxation times as a function of the particle diameter for single-domain magnetite MNPs. The relaxation times are given by Equations (1)–(3). Adapted with permission from [111]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier Ltd.