Table 2.

The subgroup analysis of the effect of distract intervention on needle-related pain of the child by the study characteristics (N = 41).

Characteristics	Subgroup	K	N	Overall ES	95% CI		Z (p)	I2 (%)
					Lower Limit	Upper Limit
Age (year)	<10	15	1419	0.27	−0.18	0.73	1.17 (0.242)	95.4
	≥10	26	1761	−1.07	−1.60	−0.53	−3.92 (<0.001)	85.3
Center	One	38	2671	−0.51	−0.85	−0.17	−2.96 (0.003)	92.7
	Multi-center	3	509	−0.43	−0.96	0.09	−1.61 (0.108)	0.0
IRB	No	4	233	1.97	−4.31	8.25	0.61 (0.539)	98.7
	Yes	37	2947	−0.64	−0.89	−0.39	−5.04 (<0.001)	84.9
Fund	Yes	15	1340	−0.83	−1.20	−0.46	−4.41 (<0.001)	90.5
	No	26	1840	−0.18	−0.84	0.47	−0.55 (0.581)	93.0
Study design	RCT	37	2932	−0.61	−0.92	−0.30	−3.85 (<0.001)	91.3
	Quasi-E	4	248	0.94	−3.60	5.48	0.40 (0.685)	96.9
Type of intervention	Audial	7	394	−0.38	−2.10	1.33	−0.44 (0.661)	94.9
	Visual	17	1790	−0.76	−1.15	−0.37	−3.86 (<0.001)	89.6
	Clown	2	119	−3.64	−4.76	−2.52	−6.36 (<0.001)	91.9
	Cognitive	2	107	−0.47	−1.64	0.70	−0.79 (0.428)	0.0
	Multi methods	12	703	0.31	−0.35	0.97	0.92 (0.360)	93.4
	Local anesthesia	1	67	0.67
Quality assessment score	<10	24	2077	−0.35	−1.16	0.46	−0.84 (0.400)	93.6
	≥10	17	1103	−0.65	−0.98	−0.32	−3.84 (<0.001)	89.3

Notes. K: Number of studies, N: Number of participants, ES: Effect size, CI: Confidence interval, IRB: Institutional Review Board, RCT: Randomized controlled trial, Quasi-E: Quasi-experimental design.