Figure 4.

Human plasma mediates neuroprotection against oxidative stress (A) Nuclear counterstaining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (green color) showed the morphological changes in nuclear shape, indicated by strongly condensed or fragmented chromatin, after the different treatments revealing an increase in cell death. Fragmented or condensed nuclei are indicated by a red arrow. (B) For analysis of human neuronal survival, the amount of nonviable inferior turbinate stem cell (ITSC)-derived neurons recognized by nuclear condensation and/or fragmented chromatin was counted by randomized analysis of 5 pictures per treatment, and donor and death rate was calculated. Quantification of neuronal death for the data collected from three male plasma and two female plasma donors depicted no sex specificity, but an overall neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress treatment. ITSCs: inferior turbinate stem cells; TNF: tumor necrosis factor α; BP: blood plasma; HSA: human serum albumin, H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001 was considered significant.