TABLE 1.

Underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms of fungal virulence.

Gene	Encoded protein	Function	Knock-out mutant phenotype	The process of participation	References
hyd1	Hydrophobic protein	Modulate surface hydrophobicity, adhesion, and virulence	Inhibits virulence and conidia hydrophobicity	Adhesion, pathopoiesis, and cuticle degradation	Zhang et al., 2011
hyd2	Hydrophobic protein	Modulate surface hydrophobicity, adhesion, and virulence	Decreases conidia hydrophobicity and surface adhesion	Adhesion, pathopoiesis, and cuticle degradation	Zhang et al., 2011
VLP4	Vacuole-localized protein 4	Promote the melanization and the expression of Pr1	Increase virulence	Aerial conidia production and development, pathopoiesis	Chu et al., 2017
Mdj1	Heat shock protein	Manipulates several toxins at the transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional level	Mdj1 mutants have serious defects, such as damaged cell wall integrity, vulnerability to metal ions, and some physical and chemical pressures	Regulation of toxicity, conidia production, and transition from conidia to mycelia	Wang et al., 2017
pks15	Multifunctional enzymes	Synthesizes polyketides in fungi	Exhibits slow growth and decreases virulence	Overcome host immune responses, pathopoiesis	Toopaang et al., 2017
PgpdA	Promoter; transcription regulators	Encodes the promoter of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Aspergillus nidulans	Affects virulence	conidia production, and regulation of toxicity	Ruiz-Díez, 2002
Ras1, Ras2	Conserved hypothetical protein	Encode conserved hypothetical protein Ras	Affect virulence	Signal transduction and secrete toxins	Luo et al., 2014
BbcreA	Transcription regulators	Homologous genes of transcription regulators	Affects the virulence and the homeostasis of B. bassiana	Secrete toxins, hyphal extrusion, and conidiation	Luo et al., 2014
Bbslt2, Bbhog1, Bbmpk1	a-Glucose transporter; mitogen-activated protein	Encode an Slt2 family MAPK	Maintain the conidiation, cell wall integrity, and virulence	Secrete toxins, hyphal extrusion, and conidiation	Zhang et al., 2009
trx1-6	Thioredoxin antioxidants	Encode antioxidant activity thioredoxins	Reduced virulence, germination, conidiation, and stress tolerance	Host adhesion and conidia production	Zhang et al., 2015