Table 2.

Characteristics of the included studies classified into 8 different technology types.

Technology type, study			Main goal of intervention		Study design		Patient typea		Total number of patients (per group)
Audio: music/voice message
	Damshens et al [40]	To improve mental stateb		Randomized clinical trial		ICUc (pediatric and adult)		80 (Id: 40, Ce: 40)
	Lee et al [39]	To reduce stress and anxiety		Randomized controlled trial		ICU		85 (I: 41, C: 44)
	Johnson et al [48]	To alter physiologic response		Randomized controlled trial		ICU/trauma orthopedic unit		40 (I: 20, C: 20)
	Sharda et al [53]	To mitigate postoperative pain and anxietyb		Organizational case study		Perioperative optimization of senior health		202 (I: 45, C: 157)
	Cheong et al [55]	To enhance engagement and mood and to improve agitated behaviorb		Pilot study (for randomized controlled trial)		Acute care unit (patients with delirium, dementia, or both)		25 (I: 25, C: 25)
	Byun et al [33]	To activate positive psychological and behavioral responses and to reduce anxietyb		Double-blind randomized controlled trial		PACUf (pediatric)		66 (I1: 33, I2: 33)
	Munro et al [49]	To support reorientation and to comfort patientsb		Three-group prospective randomized controlled trial		ICUg		30 (I1:10, I2:10, C: 10)
Light: Dynamic light/natural light
	Estrup et al [58]	To improve circadian rhythmb		Retrospective cohort study		ICU		183 (I: 46, C: 137)
	Pustjens et al [60]	To improve circadian rhythmb		Retrospective observational cohort study		Coronary care unit		748 (I: 369, C: 379)
	Simons et al [41]	To improve circadian rhythm and sleepb		Randomized controlled single-center trial		ICU		734 (I: 361, C: 373)
	Potharajaroen et al [42]	To improve sleep-wake cycleb		Single-blind randomized controlled study		ICU		62 (I: 31, C: 31)
	Smonig et al [54]	To reduce circadian rhythm disruptionb		Prospective single-center observational study		ICU		179 (I: 102, C: 77)
Video/video game: information/distraction
	Lee et al [50]	To reduce preoperative anxietyb		Quasi-experimental		ICU		50 (I: 25, C: 25)
	Kim et al [34]	To reduce preoperative anxiety		Prospective randomized controlled trial		PACU (pediatric)		104 (I1: 34, I2: 33, I3: 37)
	Rodriguez et al [35]	To reduce preoperative anxiety		Prospective randomized trial		PACU (pediatric)		52 (I1: 25, I2: 27)
	Waszynski et al [43]	To reduce agitation in patients experiencing hyperactive or mixed delirium		Randomized controlled trial		Hospitalized/ICUh		111 (I1: 34, I2: 40, C: 37)
	Dwairej et al [36]	To reduce preoperative anxiety		Randomized clinical trial		Day case surgery unit (pediatric)		128 (I: 64, C: 64)
Virtual reality: information/distraction
	Eijlers et al [37]	To reduce pain and anxietyb		Randomized controlled single-blind trial		Day case surgery unit (pediatric)		191 (I: 94, C: 97)
	Ryu et al [38]	To reduce preoperative anxiety		Randomized controlled trial		PACU (pediatric)		86 (I: 41, C: 39)
	Suvajdzic et al [57]	To reduce clinical anxiety and depression and to support sleep and relaxationa		Pilot test		ICU		10
Sleep aids
	Demoule et al [44]	To improve sleep quality		Randomized controlled trial		ICU		45 (I: 23, C: 22)
	Van de Pol et al [19]	To improve sleep quality		Interrupted time series design (preintervention and postintervention)		ICU		421 (I: 210, C: 211)
Communication aids
	Garry et al [56]	To improve patient’s psychosocial statusb		Pilot prospective trial		ICU/coronary care unit		12
	Bott et al [21]	To provide companionship, social support, and health information to decrease loneliness and depressionb		Case control quasi-experimental pre-post (for randomized controlled trial)		Medical and surgical unit		95 (I: 41, C: 54)
Others
	Lin et al [46]	To make the children adapt to the experience of visual disturbance		Prospective blinded randomized trial		PACU (pediatric)		179 (I: 89, C: 90)
	Giraud et al [45]	To support mental status, earlier physical mobilization, and multisensory feedback/integration		Pilot time-cluster randomized controlled study		ICU		223 (I: 115, C: 108)
Multiple components
	Arbabi et al [51]	To support reorientation, cognitive/physical activation, human interactionb		Quasi-experimental		ICU		148 (I: 78, C: 69)
	Tovar et al [52]	To reduce environmental precipitating factors, which impair sleep and to support maintenance of circadian cycle.		Prospective pre-experimental		ICU		49
	Rivosecchi et al [24]	To provide cognitive stimuli and to support reorientationb		Prospective, observational quality improvement project pre-post		Medical ICU		483 (I: 253, C: 230)
	Mitchell et al [47]	To support orientation and to provide cognitive stimulation		Single center randomized controlled trial		ICU		61 (I: 29, C: 32)
	Zachary et al [59]	To prevent functional/cognitive, sleep and visual/hearing impairment, and dehydration		Retrospective		Medical, surgical/telemetry unitsi		4850 (I: 2146, C: 2704)

^aAll patients are adults unless mentioned as pediatric patients.

^bWith our minimal interpretation.

^cICU: intensive care unit.

^dI: intervention group.

^eC: control group.

^fPACU: post anesthesia care unit.

^gAbout 10% was delirious at admission.

^hOnly delirious patients.

ⁱExcluding intensive care unit patients.