Table 3. 1-Year and 2-Year Intervention Impacts on Academic Outcomes by Student Characteristics.

Subject and test	1-y Intervention impacta										2-y Intervention impact on SY 2017-2018a
	SY 2016-2017					SY 2017-2018
	Mean difference, Score	Effect sizeb	P value	95% CI	99% CI	Mean difference, Score	Effect sizeb	P value	95% CI	99% CI	Mean difference, Score	Effect sizeb	P value	95% CI	99% CI
Sex
Female
Reading
i-Ready	8.73	0.15c	<.001	0.06 to 0.24	0.03 to 0.27	5.44	0.09	≥.99	−12.62 to 12.80	−16.61 to 16.80	6.39	0.10	≥.99	−14.02 to 14.22	−18.46 to 18.66
PARCC	2.44	0.08	≥.99	−11.22 to 11.38	−14.77 to 14.93	1.02	0.03	≥.99	−4.21 to 4.27	−5.54 to 5.60	−0.18	−0.01	≥.99	−1.42 to 1.40	−1.87 to 1.85
Mathematics
i-Ready	1.03	0.03	≥.99	−4.21 to 4.27	−5.54 to 5.60	1.62	0.04	≥.99	−5.61 to 5.69	−7.39 to 7.47	2.22	0.06	≥.99	−8.41 to 8.53	−11.08 to 11.20
PARCC	0.55	0.02	≥.99	−2.80 to 2.84	−3.69 to 3.73	4.07	0.13	≥.99	−18.23 to 18.49	−24.00 to 24.26	3.30	0.11	.96	−3.80 to 4.02	−5.03 to 5.25
Male
Reading
i-Ready	0.36	0.01	.48	−0.02 to 0.04	−0.03 to 0.05	9.00	0.14	≥.99	−19.63 to 19.91	−25.85 to 26.13	2.31	0.04	≥.99	−5.61 to 5.69	−7.39 to 7.47
PARCC	0.76	0.02	≥.99	−2.80 to 2.84	−3.69 to 3.73	1.19	0.04	≥.99	−5.61 to 5.69	−7.39 to 7.47	−2.02	−0.06	≥.99	−8.53 to 8.41	−11.20 to 11.08
Mathematics
i-Ready	−1.52	−0.05	≥.99	−7.11 to 7.01	−9.33 to 9.23	5.29	0.14	≥.99	−19.63 to 19.91	−25.85 to 26.13	3.70	0.10	≥.99	−14.02 to 14.22	−18.46 to 18.66
PARCC	−0.56	−0.02	≥.99	−2.84 to 2.80	−3.73 to 3.69	1.66	0.05	≥.99	−7.01 to 7.11	−9.23 to 9.33	−3.67	−0.12	≥.99	−17.07 to 16.83	−22.40 to 22.16
Grade level
Elementary grades
Reading
i-Ready	6.14	0.11	.48	−0.19 to 0.41	−0.28 to 0.50	8.40	0.13	≥.99	−18.23 to 18.49	−24.00 to 24.26	6.75	0.11	≥.99	−15.43 to 15.65	−20.31 to 20.53
PARCC	1.86	0.06	≥.99	−8.41 to 8.53	−11.08 to 11.20	1.01	0.03	≥.99	−4.21 to 4.27	−5.54 to 5.60	0.17	0.01	≥.99	−1.40 to 1.42	−1.85 to 1.87
Mathematics
i-Ready	1.11	0.03c	<.001	0.01 to 0.05	0.01 to 0.05	3.54	0.09	≥.99	−12.62 to 12.80	−16.62 to 16.80	4.38	0.12	≥.99	−16.83 to 17.07	−22.16 to 22.40
PARCC	0.17	0.01	≥.99	−1.40 to 1.42	−1.85 to 1.87	5.57	0.18	.96	−6.22 to 6.58	−8.23 to 8.59	1.13	0.04	≥.99	−5.61 to 5.69	−7.39 to 7.47
Middle grades
Reading
i-Ready	−0.59	−0.01	.48	−0.04 to 0.02	−0.05 to 0.03	4.88	0.08	≥.99	−11.22 to 11.38	−14.77 to 14.93	1.33	0.02	≥.99	−2.80 to 2.84	−3.69 to 3.73
PARCC	0.97	0.03	≥.99	−4.21 to 4.27	−5.54 to 5.60	1.18	0.03	≥.99	−4.21 to 4.27	−5.54 to 5.60	−2.51	−0.08	≥.99	−11.38 to 11.22	−14.93 to 14.77
Mathematics
i-Ready	−6.91	−0.21	≥.99	−29.87 to 29.45	−39.19 to 38.77	2.97	0.08	≥.99	−11.22 to 11.38	−14.77 to 14.93	1.56	0.04	≥.99	−5.61 to 5.69	−7.39 to 7.47
PARCC	−0.44	−0.01	≥.99	−1.42 to 1.40	−1.87 to 1.85	1.01	0.03	≥.99	−4.21 to 4.27	−5.54 to 5.60	−0.76	−0.02	≥.99	−2.84 to 2.80	−3.73 to 3.69
Special education status
Yes
Reading
i-Ready	13.87	0.25c	<.001	0.10 to 0.40	0.06 to 0.44	15.41	0.24	≥.99	−33.66 to 34.14	−44.31 to 44.79	14.50	0.23	≥.99	−32.25 to 32.71	−42.46 to 42.92
PARCC	2.79	0.09	≥.99	−12.62 to 12.80	−16.62 to 16.80	−1.52	−0.04	≥.99	−5.69 to 5.61	−7.47 to 7.39	−1.07	−0.03	≥.99	−4.27 to 4.21	−5.60 to 5.54
Mathematics
i-Ready	−0.79	−0.02	≥.99	−2.84 to 2.80	−3.73 to 3.69	1.83	0.05	≥.99	−7.01 to 7.11	−9.23 to 9.33	4.81	0.13	≥.99	−18.23 to 18.49	−24.00 to 24.26
PARCC	0.60	0.02	≥.99	−2.80 to 2.84	−3.69 to 3.73	4.62	0.15	≥.99	−21.04 to 21.34	−27.69 to 27.99	5.16	0.17	≥.99	−23.84 to 24.18	−31.39 to 31.73
No
Reading
i-Ready	3.32	0.06	.48	−0.10 to 0.22	−0.15 to 0.27	5.17	0.08	≥.99	−11.22 to 11.38	−14.77 to 14.93	2.41	0.04	≥.99	−5.61 to 5.69	−7.39 to 7.47
PARCC	1.48	0.05	≥.99	−7.01 to 7.11	−9.23 to 9.33	1.62	0.05	≥.99	−7.01 to 7.11	−9.23 to 9.33	−0.99	−0.03	≥.99	−4.27 to 4.21	−5.60 to 5.54
Mathematics
i-Ready	0.06	0.00	≥.99	−0.56 to 0.56	−0.74 to 0.74	3.52	0.09	≥.99	−12.62 to 12.80	−16.62 to 16.80	2.49	0.07	≥.99	−9.82 to 9.96	−12.92 to 13.06
PARCC	−0.05	0.00	≥.99	−0.56 to 0.56	−0.74 to 0.74	2.70	0.09	≥.99	−12.62 to 12.80	−16.62 to 16.80	−1.00	−0.03	≥.99	−4.27 to 4.21	−5.60 to 5.54
Baseline achievement level
Students in lowest quartile
Reading
i-Ready	15.54	0.28c	<.001	0.11 to 0.45	0.06 to 0.50	7.88	0.12	≥.99	−16.83 to 17.07	−22.16 to 22.40	10.27	0.17	≥.99	−23.84 to 24.18	−31.39 to 31.73
PARCC	3.17	0.10	≥.99	−14.02 to 14.22	−18.46 to 18.66	0.25	0.01	≥.99	−1.40 to 1.42	−1.85 to 1.87	0.95	0.03	≥.99	−4.21 to 4.27	−5.54 to 5.60
Mathematics
i-Ready	2.18	0.07	≥.99	−9.82 to 9.96	−12.92 to 13.06	2.46	0.06	≥.99	−8.41 to 8.53	−11.08 to 11.20	4.34	0.11	≥.99	−15.43 to 15.65	−20.31 to 20.53
PARCC	0.09	0.00	≥.99	−0.56 to 0.56	−0.74 to 0.74	6.31	0.20	≥.99	−28.05 to 28.45	−36.93 to 37.33	1.05	0.03	≥.99	−4.21 to 4.27	−5.54 to 5.60
Students in 26th-100th percentile
Reading
i-Ready	1.50	0.03	.48	−0.05 to 0.11	−0.08 to 0.14	6.61	0.11	≥.99	−15.43 to 15.65	−20.31 to 20.53	2.44	0.04	≥.99	−5.61 to 5.69	−7.39 to 7.47
PARCC	1.18	0.04	≥.99	−5.61 to 5.69	−7.39 to 7.47	1.38	0.04	≥.99	−5.61 to 5.69	−7.39 to 7.47	−1.72	−0.05	≥.99	−7.11 to 7.01	−9.33 to 9.23
Mathematics
i-Ready	−0.86	−0.03	≥.99	−4.27 to 4.21	−5.60 to 5.54	3.48	0.09	≥.99	−12.62 to 12.80	−16.62 to 16.80	2.41	0.06	≥.99	−8.41 to 8.53	−11.08 to 11.20
PARCC	0.05	0.00	≥.99	−0.56 to 0.56	−0.74 to 0.74	1.93	0.06	≥.99	−8.41 to 8.53	−11.08 to 11.20	−0.24	−0.01	≥.99	−1.42 to 1.40	−1.87 to 1.85

Abbreviations: PARCC, Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers; SY, school year.

^aThe models adjusted for student grade level (3-7), prior achievement (testing scores), and blocking variables used in randomization (charter school status, school type, pilot study participation, school proportion of low-income and Black students, and whether the school served more than 25% Latinx students). Effect size estimates presented are model-adjusted estimates.

^bThe difference in score on a particular academic test between the intervention and control groups measured in SD units.

^cStatistically significant after Bonferroni correction at 2-sided P < .001 level, calculated by conducting a test to see if intervention × interaction = 0 after running the relevant model. Multiple comparison corrections were applied to P values using the Bonferroni procedure. P < .05 was considered statistically significant.