Table 5.

Alterations in intestinal 5-HT signaling in animal IBD models and in patient-derived material.

Organism	Study	Experimental Design	Effect
Mouse	Khan et al. (2006) [119]	DNBS-induced colitis in mice	EC cell numbers ↑
	Oshima et al., (1999) [73]	DSS-induced colitis in rats	EC cell numbers ↑ 5-HT content ↑
	Linden et al. (2003) [74]	TNBS-induced colitis in guinea pigs	EC cell numbers ↑ 5-HT content ↑ SERT expression ↓
	Linden et al. (2005) [75]	TNBS-induced colitis in mice	Unchanged EC cell numbers 5-HT content ↑ SERT expression ↓
	O’Hara et al. (2005) [76]	Mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium	EC cell numbers ↓ 5-HT content ↑ SERT expression ↓
	Tada et al. (2016) [121]	DSS-induced colitis/Transfer of CD4+ T cells in mice	SERT expression ↓
Human	El-Salhy et al. (2020) [118]	Patients with CD and UC	EC cell numbers ↑
	Magro et al. (2002) [120]	Patients with CD and UC	5-HT content ↓
	Coates et al. (2004) [111]	Patients with severe UC	EC cell numbers ↓ 5-HT content ↓ SERT expression ↓ TpH1 expression ↓
	Tada et al. (2016) [121]	Inflamed mucosa of patients with UC	SERT expression ↓
	Wojtal et al. (2009) [122]	Patients with CD and UC	SERT expression ↑

5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine; CD: Crohn’s disease; DNBS: dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; EC: enterochromaffin; SERT: serotonin reuptake receptor; TNBS: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; TpH1: tryptophan hydroxylase 1; UC: ulcerative colitis.