Table 1.
Patient/system/history of pacing.
| Hemorrhagic Complication (Cardiac/Vascular Wall Tear) | Tricuspid Valve Damage | All Major Complications (Mixed Damages 1 Case) |
Control Group (No Major Complications) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groups of patients | A N = 22 (1.5%) Mean ± SD n (%) |
B N = 12 (0.8%) Mean ± SD n (%) |
C N = 33 (2.2%) Mean ± S n (%) |
D N = 1467 Mean ± SD n (%) |
| Patients | ||||
| Patient age during TLE [years] | 63.14 ± 13.91 p = 0.009 |
68.75 ± 21.98 p = 0.116 |
65.82 ± 16.84 p = 0.005 |
68.16 ± 13.96 |
| Patient age at first implantation [years] | 45.32 ± 16.98 p < 0.001 |
50.58 ± 26.16 p = 0.007 |
47.97 ± 20.23 p < 0.001 |
59.06 ± 15.58 |
| Sex (% of female patients) | 17 (77.30) p = 0.004 |
5 (41.70) p = 0.979 |
21 (63.60) p = 0.005 |
555 (37.80) |
| NYHA class III & IV (%) | 1 (4.50) p = 0.192 |
0 (0.00) p = 0.227 |
1 (3.00) p = 0.052 |
256 (17.50) |
| LVEF < 40% | 1 (4.50) p = 0.003 |
2 (16.70) p < 0.001 |
3 (9.10) p < 0.001 |
555 (37.80) |
| Renal failure (any) | 3 (13.60) p = 0.316 |
1 (8.30) p = 0.127 |
4 (12.10) p = 0.127 |
371 (25.30) |
| Charlson comorbidity index [points] | 2.55 ± 2.41 p < 0.001 |
3.67 ± 3.53 p = 0.013 |
3.03 ± 2.85 p < 0.001 |
5.14 ± 3.76 |
| TLE Indications | ||||
| CIED-related infection (any) | 4 (18.20) p = 0.917 |
2 (16.70) p = 0.964 |
6 (18.20) p = 0.817 |
314 (21.40) |
| Non-infectious indications | 18 (81.80) p = 0.917 |
10 (83.30) p = 0.964 |
27 (81.80) p = 0.817 |
1153 (78.60) |
| System | ||||
| Pacemaker-with RA lead | 18 (81.80) p = 0.028 |
8 (66.70) p = 0.621 |
26 (78.80) p = 0.012 |
812 (55.40) |
| Pacemaker-without RA lead and only abandoned PM lead | 2 (9.10) p = 0.974 |
3 (25.00) p = 0.294 |
4 (12.10) p = 0.663 |
164 (11.20) |
| ICD-with RA lead | 0 (0.00) p = 0.170 |
0 (0.00) p = 0.424 |
1 (3.00) p = 0.210 |
170 (11.60) |
| ICD-without RA lead and only HV lead | 1 (4.50) p = 0.409 |
1 (8.30) p = 0.982 |
1 (3.00) p = 0.379 |
187 (12.70) |
| ICD-CRT-D pacing system | 1 (4.50) p = 0.726 |
0 (0.00) p = 0.562 |
1 (3.00) p = 0.377 |
132 (9.90) |
| Number of leads in the heart before TLE | 2.14 ± 0.94 p = 0.690 |
2.08 ± 0.67 p = 0.684 |
2.15 ± 0.83 p = 0.365 |
1.92 ± 0.69 |
| Abandoned leads before TLE | 5 (22.70) p = 0.019 |
4 (33.30) p = 0.004 |
9 (27.30) p < 0.001 |
106 (7.20) |
| Large lead loop on X-rays before TLE | 3 (13.60) p = 0.015 |
1 (8.30) p = 0.754 |
4 (12.10) p < 0.001 |
39 (2.70) |
| Small lead loop on X-rays before TLE | 5 (22.70) p = 0.250 |
1 (8.30) p = 0.978 |
6 (18.20) p = 0.452 |
180 (12.30) |
| Number of procedures before lead extraction | 3.00 ± 2.00 p < 0.001 |
2.83 ± 1.34 p = 0.003 |
2.90 ± 1.77 p < 0.001 |
1.79 ± 0.91 |
| Dwell time of the oldest lead per patient before TLE [months] | 214.9 ± 91.86 p < 0.001 |
217.9 ± 106.2 p < 0.001 |
215.0 ± 96.87 p < 0.001 |
109.8 ± 76.15 |
| Mean implant duration (per patient) before TLE [months] | 201.25 ± 81.14 p < 0.001 |
178.0 ± 62.89 p < 0.001 |
191.4 ± 75.59 p < 0.001 |
103.3 ± 68.79 |
| Global implant duration (sum of lead dwell times) [years] | 36.96 ± 23.12 p < 0.001 |
30.56 ± 13.85 p < 0.001 |
35.12 ± 20.50 p < 0.001 |
16.60 ± 13.29 |
Abbreviations: CIED—cardiac implantable electronic device, CRT—cardiac resynchronization therapy, ICD—implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, LVEF—left ventricular ejection fraction, NYHA—New York Heart Association class, PM—pacemaker, RA—right atrium, TLE—transvenous lead extraction.