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. 2021 Sep 2;22(17):9543. doi: 10.3390/ijms22179543

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Direct surface modification of isolated exosomes using different methods (covalent binding, non-covalent binding, hybridization, and direct incorporation; summarized from [16,85]).