Figure 1.

Effects of PMVS intervention on serum bone resorption marker levels in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Scheme diagrams for PMVS device (a, microchip pulsed generator; b, amplifier; c, pulse wave modulator; d, piezoelectric vibration transducer) (a). Spectra of 60 Hz, 120 Hz, and 180 Hz PMVS with triangle waveform detected using laser displacement sensors (b). Experimental scheme (c) showing PMVS intervention onto distal femurs (d) of OVX mice for 4 weeks. PMVS interventions attenuated OVX-induced serum CTX-1 levels (e). Difference of investigations (mean ± S.E.; n = 5) were analyzed using Dunn’s nonparametric comparison test, where asterisks ** resemble p < 0.01.