Table 1.
Summary of studies and covariates categorized by tests.
| MMSE | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Disease | Language | Study Design | Sample Size | Age | Education | NIHSS | Time Since Stroke | Cutoffs | Sensitivity (95% CI) | Specificity (95% CI) | PPV | NPV |
| (%) | (%) | ||||||||||||
| Dong 2012 | VCI | Preference | Prospective | 239 | 67.9 * | 5.7 * | 1 to 4 | 3 days | ≤25/26 | 0.88 (0.77, 0.95) | 0.66 (0.59, 0.73) | 47 | 94 |
| Dong 2014 | VCI | Preference | Prospective | 400 | 64.3 * | 6.3 * | 0 to 1 | 2.4–3.4 months | ≤26 | 0.71 (0.64, 0.77) | 0.81 (0.74, 0.87) | 84 | 67 |
| Shen 2016 | VCI-ND | Mandarin | Case–control | 104 | 70.6 * | 8.7 | 3.16 | ≤14 days | ≤27/28 | 0.82 (0.70, 0.90) | 0.78 (0.62, 0.89) | 82 | 78 |
| Zhu 2020 | VCI | Mandarin | Prospective | 229 | 63.8 | 6* | 1 | ≤14 days | ≤27 | 0.68 (0.58, 0.77) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.88) | 71 | 23 |
| MoCA | |||||||||||||
| Dong 2012 | VCI | Preference | Prospective | 239 | 67.9 * | 5.7 * | 1 to 4 | 3 days | ≤21/22 | 0.88 (0.77, 0.95) | 0.64 (0.57, 0.71) | 45 | 94 |
| Tu 2013 | VCI-ND, VD | Changsha | Case–control | 470 | 69.4–73.2 | 6.3–8.1 * | ? | ≥3 months? | ≤26/27 | 0.96 (0.91, 0.99) | 0.76 (0.69, 0.82) | 86 | 93 |
| Wu 2013 | VCI-ND | Mandarin | Case-control | 206 | 68.1 | 8.65 | ? | Acute? | 22/23 | 0.97 (0.91, 0.99) | 0.47 (0.37, 0.57) | N/A | N/A |
| Dong 2014 | VCI | Preference | Prospective | 400 | 64.3 * | 6.3 * | 0 to 1 | 2.4–3.4 months | ≤23 | 0.78 (0.71, 0.83) | 0.80 (0.72, 0.86) | 84 | 72 |
| Dong 2016 | VCI-ND | Preference | Prospective | 291 | 68.4 * | 5.5* | 1 to 4 | 2.6–4 days | ≤20/21 | 0.83 (0.78, 0.88) | 0.80 (0.68, 0.90) | 50 | 95 |
| Shen 2016 | VCI-ND | Mandarin | Case–control | 104 | 70.6 * | 8.7 | 3.16 | ≤14 days | ≤23/24 | 0.87 (0.75, 0.94) | 0.76 (0.60, 0.87) | 86 | 75 |
| Zuo 2016 | VCI | Mandarin | Case–control | 102 | 58.3 * | Level * | 1 | 10 days | ≤22/23 | 0.85 (0.73, 0.93) | 0.88 (0.74, 0.96) | 91 | 80 |
| Liao 2021 | VCI | Mandarin | Case–control | 316 | 61.1 * | Level * | 2 | 6 months | ≤24 | 0.63 (0.56, 0.70) | 0.71 (0.63, 0.79) | 74 | 60 |
| Zhu 2020 | VCI | Changsha | Prospective | 229 | 63.8 | 6 * | 1 | ≤14 days | ≤21 | 0.64 (0.54, 0.74) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.94) | N/A | N/A |
| NINDS- | |||||||||||||
| CNS 5 | |||||||||||||
| Chen 2015 | VCI | Mandarin | Case–control | 80 | 62.9 | 7.2 * | 2 | 10 months | 24 | 0.92 (0.79, 0.98) | 0.68 (0.52, 0.82) | 73 | 90 |
| Dong 2016 | VCI-ND | Preference | Prospective | 291 | 68.4 * | 5.5 * | 1 to 4 | 2.6–4 days | ≤7/8 | 0.70 (0.64, 0.76) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.91) | 49 | 92 |
| Lim 2017 | VD | Korean | Prospective | 308 | 69.1 * | Level | 5 | 3 months | ≤6/7 | 0.82 (0.69, 0.91) | 0.67 (0.61, 0.73) | 33 | 95 |
| Wei 2020 | VCI | Mandarin | Case–control | 2989 | 63 | Level | 1.16 | 1–2 months | ≤10 | 0.91 (0.89,0.92) | 0.63 (0.60, 0.65) | 71 | 87 |
* Significant differences between comparison groups; VCI: vascular cognitive impairment; VCI-ND: vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia; VD: vascular dementia; CI: confidence interval; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NINDS-CNS 5: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke–Canadian Stroke Network 5-Minute Protocol; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.