Figure 3.
Effects of RUT on levels of intracellular calcium and phosphorylation of CaMKII, CaMKKβ, and AMPK. (A) Intracellular calcium was detected using the fluorescent calcium indicator, Fluo-4-AM. Fluo-4-AM-treated cells were stimulated with 1–10 µM RUT for 5 min. * Significantly different from control at p < 0.01. Cells were treated with (B) 10 µM RUT for 5–60 min or (C) 1–10 µM RUT for 60 min and assessed by Western blotting.