Table 1.
Potential anti-staphylococcal/MRSA biofilm agents derived from Streptomyces bacteria.
| Compound Name | Chemical Class | Streptomyces Producer and Isolation Source | Anti-Staphylococcal/MRSA Biofilm Activity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alnumycin D (1) | polyketides |
Streptomyces albus (pAlnuoriΔaln6) |
Resazurin-based viability assay Preexposure IC50 against planktonic cells of S. aureus ATCC 25,923 = 2.66 μM Preexpsoure IC50 against biofilm cells of S. aureus ATCC 25,923 = 1.75 μM Postexposure IC50 against preformed ATCC 25,923 biofilms = 4.02 μM |
[63] |
| Granaticin B (2) | polyketides | Streptomyces violaceoruber Tü22 | Resazurin-based viability assay Preexposure IC50 against planktonic cells of S. aureus ATCC 25,923 = 2.61 μM Preexpsoure IC50 against biofilm cells of S. aureus ATCC 25,923 = 2.76 μM Postexposure IC50 against preformed ATCC 25,923 biofilms = 3.72 μM |
[63] |
| Kalafungin (3) | polyketides | Streptomyces tanashiensis Kala | Resazurin-based viability assay Preexposure IC50 against planktonic cells of S. aureus ATCC 25,923 = 1.11 μM Preexpsoure IC50 against biofilm cells of S. aureus ATCC 25,923 = 3.87 μM Postexposure IC50 against preformed ATCC 25,923 biofilms = 27.8 μM |
[63] |
| Medermycin (4) | polyketides |
Streptomyces coelicolor CH999/pIK340 |
Resazurin-based viability assay Preexposure IC50 against planktonic cells of S. aureus ATCC 25,923 = 2.81 μM Preexpsoure IC50 against biofilm cells of S. aureus ATCC 25,923 = 2.5 μM Postexposure IC50 against preformed ATCC 25,923 biofilms = 24.6 μM |
[63] |
| Antibiotic E-975 (5) | Heterocyclic furanone | Streptomyces sp. AT37 | Minimum concentration for 50% inhibition of biofilm formation of S. aureus ATCC 25,923 and MRSA ATCC 43,300 = 15 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL, respectively |
[64] |
| Collismycin C (6) | Polyketides-nonribosomal peptides | Streptomyces sp. MC025 | Significant inhibition of biofilm formation by MRSA, ATCC 33,591 at concentration >5 μg/mL At 10 μg/mL, more 50% inhibition against biofilm formation and no antibacterial activity against the bacterial growth |
[71] |
| Napyradiomycin SF2415B3 (7) | Hybrid isoprenoids | Streptomyces sp. MAR4, marine sediments from Madeira Archipelago | Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of 15.6 μg/mL—inhibits biofilm formation of S. aureus NCTC8325-4 |
[65] |
| Hygrocin C (8) | Ansamycin, lipopeptides |
Streptomyces sp. SCSGAA 0027, South China Sea gorgonian Subergorgia suberosa |
Minimum concentration for 80% inhibition of biofilm formation of S. aureus
ATCC 6538 = 25 μg/mL |
[66] |
| Docosanol (9) | Aliphatic alcohol | Streptomyces griseus TBG19NRA1 | Around 80% reduction in biofilm formation at concentration >500 μg/mL | [72] |
| Antibiotic 5812-A/C | Antimicrobial peptide complex |
Streptomyces roseoflavus INA-Ac-5812 | More than 50% reduction of preformed biofilms of S. aureus 209P at 1.8 μg/mL Penetrate and inhibit the metabolic activity of S. aureus 209P in preformed biofilms |
[68] |
| 8-O-metyltetrangomycin (10) | Angucycline, aromatic polyketides |
Streptomyces sp. SBRK-2, marine sponge Spirostella sp. | At 2 μg/mL, 70% inhibition of biofilm formation by S. aureus ATCC 25923 Membrane damaging and increased cell surface hydrophobicity |
[67] |
| Panglimycin D (11) | Angucyclinones, aromatic polyketides |
Streptomyces bulli GJA1, endophyte of Gardenia jasminoides | At 5 μg/mL, biofilm formation of MRSA USA300 was inhibited by 40% Inhibited the production of PSMα2, PSMα3, PSMα4, and δ-toxin of MRSA USA300 |
[69] |
| 5-octylfuran-2(5H)-one (12) | Butenolides, furanones | Marine-derived Streptomyces sp. |
100% inhibition of biofilm formation and eradication of preformed biofilm of MRSA ATCC43300 at 200 μg/mL, while minimum inhibitory concentration of >1200 μg/mL Inhibition of autoinducer-2 and acyl-homoserine lactone, suggested it could be a non-specific quorum-sensing inhibitor |
[73] |
| 1-hydroxy-1-norresistomycin (13) | Pentacyclic polyketides |
Streptomyces variabilis, Scleractinia coral Acropora Formosa | 93% inhibition of biofilm formation by S. aureus at 200 μg/mL Reduced S. aureus cell surface hydrophobicity Docking study showed good affinity towards SarA and ScpA protein of S. aureus |
[74] |
| Streptorubin B (14) | Prodiginine, bacterial alkaloids |
Streptomyces sp. strain MC11024, soil sample from Suita, Osaka, Japan | IC50 of biofilm inhibition against MRSA N315 = 0.22 μg/mL (0.56 μM), minimum inhibitory concentration of growth = 32 μg/mL |
[70] |