Table 3.
Combination approaches of UAE for the extraction of BCs.
| Source | Compounds | Extraction Approach | Yield | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UAE combined with conventional techniques | ||||
| Ulva lactuca | Polysaccharides (ULP1, ULP2) | SLE (2% NaOH, 90 °C, 5 h) + UAE (1 h) | 17.57% | [44] |
| Kappaphycus alvarezii and Euchema aenticulatum. | Carrageenans | SLE (water: 10 g/L, pH 7) + UAE (90 °C, 150 W, 15 min) | 50–55% | [47] |
| Fucus vesiculosus | Phlorotannins | SLE (50% ethanol) + UAE | 568.9 ± 9.9 mg PGE/g | [49] |
| Sargassum muticum | Alginate | UAE + Sonication (3% alkali and 93% ethanol, 86 °C). | 13.6% | [27] |
| Gelidium pusillum | Phycobiliproteins (R-PE and R-PC) | UAE + Maceration | 77% R-PE and 93% R-PC | [137] |
| UAE combined with new extraction techniques | ||||
| Ascophyllum nodosum | FSPs/Soluble carbohydrates/Phenolics | UMAE (UAE +MAE) | 3.5 g F/100 g DM/10.4 g G eq/100 g DM/2.6 g GA eq/100 g DM | [45] |
| Cystoseira abies-marina, Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum muticum, Chondrus crispus | Phenolic compounds, (PTC, 3,4-HB, p-HBA, p-CA, VA, p-HB, CA, SY, VN, P-CHA, FA, SA, GA, SIA). | UAE + Ika Ultra-Turrax® | 4.31 µg/g | [138] |
| UAE + PLE | 11.8 µg/g | |||
| Sargassum muticum, Sargassum vulgare, Hypnea spinella, Porphyra sp., Undaria pinnatifida, Chondrus crispus, Halopytis incurvus | 8 Isoflavones (Di, Geni, Ono, Dai, Sis, Gen, For, Bio). | UAE-SCFE | Up to 230 ng/g (Geni) and 100% recovery in C. crispus | [139]. |
| Ascophyllum. nodosum | F | UAE (30 min) + HAE (30 min) | 2.97 g F/100 g DM | [46] |
| Laminaria hyperborea | Gl | UAE (15 min) + HAE (30 min) | 0.9 g Gl/100 g DM | [46] |
Definitions: 3,4-HB: 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde; CA: caffeic acid; CHA: chlorogenic acid; Dai: daidzein; Di: daidzin; DM: Dry macroalgae; EF: electric pulse; FA: ferulic acid; For: formononetin; F: Fucose; G: Glucose; Gl: Glucans; FSPs: Fucose-sulphated polysaccharides; GA: gallic acid, Gen: genistein, Geni: genistin; HCl: hydrochloric acid; HAE: hydrothermal-assisted extraction; HPAE: high pressure-assisted exraction; Ono: ononin, p-HBA: p-hydroxybenzoic acid; p-HB: p-hydroxybenzaldehyde; PLE: pressurized liquid extraction; SCFE: supercritical fluid extraction; SLE: S/L extraction; PTC: protocatechuic acid; P-CA: p-coumaric acid; SA: salicylic acid; PEF: pulse electric fields; SIA: sinapic acid; SY: syringic acid; Sis: sissotrin; TFC: Total flavonoid content; PGE: phloroglucinol equivalents VA: vanillic acid; VN: vanillin; R-PE: R-phycoerythrin; R-PC: R-phycocyanin.