Table 1.
Data extraction table for the review.
| Key Findings and Relevant Factors | Key Findings and Relevant Factors | Key Findings and Relevant Factors | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study # | First Author | Country | Type of Study | Study Population | Aim of the Study | The Prevalence of Intention to Vaccinate | Demographic Factors | Social Factors | Contextual Factors |
| 1 | Head, K.J. (2020) [43] | USA | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 | To determine the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine behavioral intentions of adults in the U.S, and what factors are associated with SARS-CoV-2 behavioral intentions. | 56.6% likelihood without provider recommendation (41.9% very likely, 14.7% somewhat likely), 61.8% likelihood with provider recommendation (49.2% very likely, 12.6% somewhat likely) | Age, religion, employment, education, race, gender, relationship status, parenthood, and income level were measured. Less likely to vaccinate: Less education, those work in healthcare | Politics measured. Liberals more likely than conservatives | Fear and hesitancy of vaccine were measured. More likely to vaccinate: Those with high perceived threat to physical health, and those who perceived COVID-19 to be a major problem in the community |
| 2 | Taylor, S. (2020) [44] | USA, Canada | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 | To identify the prevalence of vaccination hesitancy for a SARS-CoV2 vaccine, the motivational roots of this hesitancy, and the most promising incentives for improving the likelihood of vaccination uptake | American respondents (75%), Canadian respondents (80%) | Less likely to vaccinate: Female gender, age, completed full or partial college education, unemployed, minority status; More likely to vaccinate: Religious leaders in community recommended vaccination | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Helped protect vulnerable (2) Members of community (3) Required to attend social or sporting events (4) Received some other incentive (e.g., discount coupon) (5) Promotion by trusted news source, President/Prime Minister, or social media(6) Trust in health authorities | Less likely to vaccinate: (1) Mistrust of vaccine benefit (2) Worry about negative effects (3) Concerns about commercial profiteering (4) Preference for natural immunity; More likely to vaccinate: (1) Evidence that vaccine is safe and efficacious (2) Requirement for job (3) Required by government (4) Recommended by healthcare worker (5) Not being exploited by the pharmaceutical industry (6) Know someone with COVID-19 (8) Know someone hospitalized because of COVID-19 |
| 3 | Reiter, P.L. (2020)[45] | USA | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 | To examine the acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among a national sample of adults in the US | 69% willing to get the vaccine (48% definitely willing, 21% probably willing) | Factors measured: Age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, household income, religiosity, sexual identity, urbanicity, and region of residence. More likely to vaccinate if: (1) Income of USD 50,000–89,999 or USD 90,000 or more (2) Age; Less likely to vaccinate: (1) Female (2) Non-Latinx Black; (3) Lower incomes | More likely to vaccinate: Moderate or liberal in political leaning; Less likely to vaccinate: Conservative in political leaning | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Private health insurance (2) Personal COVID-19 infection (3) Healthcare provider recommendation (4) Perceived likelihood of getting COVID-19 in the future (5) Perceived severity of COVID-19 infection (6) Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine (7) Personal health history (8) Number of people getting infected with COVID-19 (9) Recent/upcoming travel outside of US (10) Duration of protection; Less likely to vaccinate: (1) Perceived potential harms of COVID-19 vaccine (2) No health insurance (3) Potential side effects |
| 4 | Kabamba Nzaji, M. (2020) [38] | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Cross-sectional study | Healthcare workers over 18 | To estimate the acceptability of a future vaccine against COVID-19 and associated factors if offered to Congolese healthcare workers | 27.7% of healthcare workers | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Male (2) Older age (3) Being a doctor; Factors measured: Age, gender, marital status, year of experience, residence, category of residence | No social factors recorded | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Positive attitude towards COVID-19 (2) Believe that isolation and treatment of people infected are effective to reduce spread of virus; Factors measured: Heard about COVID-19, attended lectures/discussions about COVID-19, knowledge towards COVID-19, attitudes toward COVID-19, practice toward COVID-19 |
| 5 | Harapan, H. (2020) [28] | Indonesia | Cross-sectional study | Adults | To assess the acceptance of a 50% or 95% effective COVID-19 vaccine among the general population in Indonesia | 93.3% willing to be vaccinated for a 95% effective vaccine; 67% willing to be vaccinated for a 50% effective vaccine | Factors measured: Age, gender, education level, religion, marital status, monthly income, profession, employment status, and type of urbanicity; More likely to vaccinate for 95% effective vaccine: Healthcare worker; Less likely to vaccinate for 95% effective vaccine: Retired | No social factors recorded | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Higher perceived risk (more likely to accept the vaccine, but only for the 95% effective vaccine) (2) Higher vaccine efficacy |
| 6 | Wang, J. (2020) [46] | China | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 in mainland China | To evaluate the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination in China and give suggestions for vaccination strategies and immunization programs | 91.30% | More likely to vaccinate ASAP: (1) Male (2) Married; Factors measured: Age, gender, marital status, education level, employment status, family income, location, region (urban vs rural) | No social factors recorded | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Vaccinated against influenza in the past season (2) If vaccine was successfully developed and approved (3) Doctor’s recommendation (4) Vaccine convenience (5) Vaccine price (6) Perceived high risk of infection (7) Believe vaccination is effective for prevention and control (8) Confirmed cases in area; No differences observed in domestic/imported vaccines, immunization schedules, wanting to receive vaccine ASAP or wait |
| 7 | Biasio, L.R. (2020) [47] | Italy | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 interested in looking for information about future COVID-19 vaccines | To assess people’s abilities to collect and understand information about vaccinations during the early stage of COVID-19 vaccine development | 92% | Factors measured: Age, gender, residence area, employment status, and education level. Positive beliefs about vaccination were correlated with older age and higher education | No social factors recorded | Receiving seasonal influenza vaccine and perceptions regarding future COVID-19 vaccines were indicators for high level of vaccine literacy; Factors measured: Vaccine safety/efficacy, vaccine payment, children vaccination, vaccination intent for other diseases |
| 8 | Fisher, K.A. (2020) [21] | USA | Cross-sectional study | Adults in the US | To assess intent to be vaccinated against COVID-19 and identify predictors of and reasons for vaccine hesitancy | 57.60% | Less likely to vaccinate: (1) Younger age (< 60) (2) Black race (3) Lower educational attainment (4) Rural setting; Factors measured: Age, gender, employment status, annual household income, marital status, household size, geographic location, setting (urban vs. rural) | No social factors recorded | Less likely to vaccinate: (1) Not having received an influenza vaccine (2) Need additional information (3) Anti-vaccination attitudes (4) Not trusting entities involved in vaccine development, testing or dissemination (5) Concerns about safety or effectiveness |
| 9 | La Vecchia, C. (2020) [37] | Italy | Nationally representative survey | Ages 15–85 | To describe the attitudes towards influenza vaccination and a potential COVID-19 vaccine in Italy | 53.7% (20.4% certainly, 33.3% probably) | Factors measured: Age, gender, profession, and geographic area. More likely to vaccinate: Older age (aged 55 or older), professionals, managers, and teachers (vs. office workers, merchants, farmers, and manual workers) | Factors measured: Socioeconomic status | Factors measured: Influenza vaccination history. No significant contextual factors recorded |
| 10 | Jung, H. (2020) [48] | USA | Study 3: follow-up experiment with an online survey | Adults | To examine whether prosocial concern interacted with social density, having an effect on the intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 | The percentage was not measured | No demographic factors were recorded | More likely to vaccinate against COVID-19: Participants in the prosocial concern condition with low-density condition; Less likely to vaccinate: Participants in the individual concern condition with low-density condition; No difference: In the high-density condition, intentions were similar across the prosocial and individual concern conditions | No contextual factors were recorded |
| 11 | Bertin, P. (2020) [49] | France | Cross-sectional study | undergraduate students | To examine the relationship between COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, vaccine attitudes, and the intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 | approximately 78% | Age and gender were not significantly associated with intention to get COVID-19 vaccine | Political orientation was not significantly associated with intention to get COVID-19 vaccine | conspiracy beliefs were negative predictors of intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 |
| 12 | Callaghan, T. (2020) [50] | USA | Cross-sectional study | n/a | To provide an overview of the public opinion surrounding COVID-19 vaccination that includes potential correlates and justification for intended vaccine refusal | 68.87% | Factors measured: Age, gender, race, education, and income level. Less likely to vaccinate: (1) Black race (2) Women (3) High religiosity | More likely to vaccinate: Wealthier; Less likely to vaccinate: (1) Conservatives (2) Intend to vote for President Trump in 2020 (3) Lack of financial resources (4) Trust experts | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Have been tested for COVID-19 (2) View vaccines as safe, effective, and/or important; Less likely to vaccinate: (1) Do not think the vaccine will be safe or effective (2) Lack of insurance (3) Believe they already contracted COVID-19 |
| 13 | Sherman, S.M. (2020) [39] | UK | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 | To investigate factors associated with intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 | 64% | Factors measured: Age, gender, ethnicity, religion, employment status, highest educational/professional qualification, total household income, region, and household number. More likely to vaccinate: Older age | More likely to vaccinate: Lower endorsement of notion that only people who are at risk of serious illness should be vaccinated, trust in the government; Less likely to vaccinate: Believe that only those at risk should be vaccinated | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Vaccinated against influenza last winter (2) Perceive greater risk for COVID-19 (3) More positive COVID-19 vaccination beliefs and attitudes (4) Weaker beliefs that vaccination would cause side effects or be unsafe (5) Informed decision; Factors measured: Living with someone vulnerable to COVID-19, personal history of COVID-19, knew anyone with COVID-19, attitudes and beliefs towards COVID-19 |
| 14 | Sharun, K. (2020) [27] | India | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 | To analyze the beliefs and barriers associated with COVID-19 vaccination among the general population in India | 86.30% | Factors measured: Age, gender, education, and region. No significant demographic factors recorded | No significant social factors recorded | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Safety and effectiveness confirmed using further studies (2) Recommended by physician (3) Mandatory by the Government of India (4) Free of cost; Less likely to vaccinate: (1) Concerns about side effects (2) Vaccine conspiracy (3) Lack of confidence in vaccine effectiveness; Factors measured: Vaccine origin, receiving vaccine ASAP or waiting |
| 15 | Freeman, D. (2020) [51] | UK | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 | To estimate willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccines and identify predictive socio-demographic factors and determine potential caues to guide information provision | 71.70% | Factors measured: Age, gender, ethnicity, employment status, marital status, education, household income, housing situation, and region. Less likely to vaccinate: (1) Lower education (2) Black and mixed ethnicities (3) Not being single or widowed (4) Not being a homeowner (5) Having a child at school (6) Not being employed full-time (7) Not retired (8) Change in work | More likely to vaccinate: Help the community; Factors measured: Political beliefs | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Likely to be infected (2) Very high risk or moderate risk of severe COVID-19 illness; Less likely to vaccinate: (1) If speed of development would affect safety and efficacy (2) Degree to which receiving the vaccine may be physically unpleasant (3) Feeling experimented on (4) Anti-vaccination beliefs; Factors measured: Vaccine hesitancy, had COVID-19, had COVID-19 test, risk for COVID-19, adherence to government guidelines, conspiracy beliefs, rates of misinformation, explanatory factors for vaccine hesitancy |
| 16 | Salali, G.D. (2020) [52] | UK, Turkey | Cross-cultural study | Adults over 18 | To examine levels of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with beliefs about the origin of COVID-19 | 66% of participants in Turkey; 83% of participants in the UK | More likely to vaccinate: Men in Turkey; Less likely to vaccinate (in Turkey): (1) Having a graduate degree (2) Having children | More likely to vaccinate: Frequency of watching/listening/reading the news | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Believing in the natural origin of COVID-19 (2) Higher COVID-19-related anxiety scores |
| 17 | Al-Mohaithef, M. (2020) [25] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 | To assess the prevalence of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines and its determinants among people in Saudi Arabia | 64.70% | Factors measured: Age, gender, marital status, nationality, city, profession, and education. More likely to vaccinate: (1) Older age group (above the age of 45) (2) Being married (3) Education level postgraduate degree or higher (4) Non-Saudi (5) Those working in the public sector | More likely to vaccinate: Trust the health system | More likely to vaccinate:High perceived risk of infection |
| 18 | Malik, A.A. (2020) [53] | USA | Cross-sectional study | 18 years of age or older | To predict COVID-19 vaccine acceptance using demographic information and to identify the most vulnerable populations | 67% | More likely to get vaccinated:Males, older adults, white people, Asian and Hispanic, those with higher educational level, retired and employed participants | More likely to get the vaccine: Those who trust in healthcare professionals, CDC, and local health departments | More likely to get the vaccine: Those who previous received influenza vaccines; Less likely to accept the vaccine: Regions with epicenters (geographic differences) |
| 19 | Kwok Ko (2020) [54] | Hong Kong | Cross-sectional online survey | Nurses | To estimate nurses’ influenza vaccination behaviors and intention to receive COVID-19 vaccines | 63% | More likely to get vaccinated: Younger age | No social factors were recorded | More likely to get vaccinated: (1) Stronger vaccine confidence (2) More collective responsibility (3) Weaker complacency (4) Great stress work (5) Lack of personal protective equipment (6) Involvement in isolated rooms (7) Unfavorable attitudes towards workplace infection control policies |
| 20 | Kreps, Sarah (2020) [19] | USA | Cross-sectional study | Adults (30–58) years | To examine the factors associated with survey participants’ self-reported likelihood of selecting and receiving a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine | 79% | More likely intended to receive a vaccine: (1) People with educational attainment (2) Religious people; Less likely intended to receive a vaccine: (1) Women (2) Black people (3) Older adults | Political factors and democratic political partisanship were associated with preferences for choosing a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine | More likely to get vaccinated: (1) High vaccine efficacy (2) Decrease in adverse effects in the vaccine (3) Long protection duration (4) Food and Drug Administration approval (5) National origin of vaccine (USA) and endorsements from CDC and WHO (6) Increased frequency of flu vaccination (7) Insured adults (8) Contact with COVID-19 cases |
| 21 | Leng A (2020) [55] | China | D-efficient discrete choice experiment | Adults over 18 years | To determine individual preferences for COVID-19 vaccinations in China, and to assess the factors influencing vaccination decision making to facilitate vaccination coverage | 84.77% | Higher probability to vaccinate: (1) Older age individuals (2) Lower education level (3) Those with lower income | No social factors were recorded | Higher probability to vaccinate: (1) Higher trust in vaccines (2) High risk of infection (3) Vaccine effectiveness (4) Education in side effects (5) Higher proportion of acquaintances vaccinated (6) Vaccinations were free and voluntary (7) Smaller number of doses (8) Longer protection duration |
| 22 | Pogue, K. (2020) [56] | USA | Cross-sectional study | Adults | To understand the attitudes towards and obstacles facing vaccination with a potential COVID-19 vaccine. | 68.57% | Income level and education level were all significantly correlated with intent to vaccinate. | Political ideology was significantly correlated with intent to vaccinate. | (1)Vaccine history (2) Longer testing (3) High vaccine efficacy (4) Location of vaccine development (United States) (5) Prior vaccine usage (6) The severity of COVID-19 and (7) Satisfaction with health insurance were all correlated with intent to vaccinate |
| 23 | Wang, K. (2020) [57] | Hong Kong, China | Cross-sectional study | Nurses | To examine the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on changes in influenza vaccination acceptance, and identify factors associated with acceptance of potential COVID-19 vaccination | 40.00% | Males and those who work in the private sector were found to be more likely to have acceptance of the vaccine | No social factors recorded | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Chronic conditions (2) Contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients (3) Accepted influenza vaccination; Less likely: (1) Efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of potential COVID-19 vaccines (2) Believing COVID-19 vaccination is unnecessary |
| 24 | Gagneux-Brunon A (2020) [40] | France | Cross-sectional study | Health workers | To determine COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate in HCWs in France | 76.90% | More likely to vaccinate: Older age, male gender; Less likely: Nurses and assistant nurses were less prone to accept the vaccine than physicians | No social factors recorded | More likely: (1) Fear about COVID-19 (2) Individual perceived risk (3) Previous flu vaccination; Less likely: Vaccine hesitancy |
| 25 | Detoc, (2020) [58] | France | Cross-sectional study | Random selection of the French adult general population and adult patients | To determine the proportion of people who intend to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in France or to participate in a vaccine clinical trial | 77.60% | Age, gender, profession, and medical conditions were measured. Older individuals, males, and healthcare workers were more likely to vaccinate | No social factors recorded | (1) Fear about COVID-19 and individual perceived risk were associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance (2) Vaccine hesitancy was associated with a decrease in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance |
| 26 | Prati, G (2020) [20] | Italy | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 in Italy | To determine the extent to which Italian people intend to receive a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, and to investigate its associations with worry, institutional trust, and beliefs about the non-natural origin of the virus | 76% | Less likely: (1) Older people (2) Gender (3) Employment status and minority did not have an influence on intention to receive the vaccine. | Economic status did not have an influence on intention to receive the vaccine. | Less likely: (1) Lower levels of worry (2) Belief about the non-natural origin of the virus |
| 27 | Olagoke, Ayokunle A. (2020) [23] | USA | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 | To examine the role of health locus of control (HLOC) in the relationship between religiosity and COVID-19 vaccination intention | The percentage was not measured | Gender, education, religion, ethnicity, employment, marital status, income, and medical conditions were measured. (1) Black/African American, unemployed/retired/disabled had lower COVID-19 vaccination intention (2) Negative association between religiosity and COVID-19 vaccination intention | No social factors measured | Personal belief against vaccines in general was indicative of lower COVID-19 vaccination intention |
| 28 | Palamenghi, L (2020) [59] | Italy | Cross-sectional study | Random selection of Adults representing the Italian population | To understand citizens’ perceptions about preventive behaviors, and their willingness to receive a vaccine for COVID-19 | 59% | Middle-aged individuals had lower willingness than individuals 18–34 years old and over 60 years old | Willingness to vaccinate correlated with beliefs and trust of scientific research | (1) Willingness to vaccinate was correlated with general attitude towards vaccines’ efficacy (2) No significant difference between smokers’ and non-smokers’ willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 |
| 29 | Bell, S. (2020) [60] | UK | An online cross-sectional survey and semi-structured interviews | Parents and guardians | To investigate parents’ and guardians’ views on the acceptability of a future COVID-19 vaccine | Parents for themselves (Definitely 55.8%; Unsure but leaning towards yes 34.3%), for their children (Definitely 48.2%; Unsure but leaning towards yes 40.9%) | Black, Asian, Chinese, Mixed, and lower income households were more likely to reject a COVID-19 vaccine for themselves and their children | No social factors measured | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Self-protection from COVID-19 (2) COVID-19 vaccine safety and effectiveness (3) Rapid development of the vaccine. |
| 30 | Borriello A (2020) [61] | Australia | Cross-sectional study | Australian residents | To investigate the vaccine characteristics that matter the most to Australian citizens, and to explore the potential uptake of a COVID-19 vaccine in Australia | Average = 86.03% | Age, being female, being single, and income level were associated with intention to get the vaccine | No social factors measured | More likely: (1) Vaccine availability in a shorter time (2) Less severe side effects (3) Vaccine effectiveness (4) Vaccine price |
| 31 | Faasse, K (2020) [62] | Australia | Cross-sectional study | Australian residents | To assess uncertainty and misconceptions about COVID-19 | Definitely would: 60.5%;Probably would: 20.6% | Age, gender, state, ethnicity, and education were measured.Males and older individuals were associated with intending to get the vaccine | No social factors recorded | More likely: (1) Received a seasonal flu vaccine (2) Increased exposure to media coverage (3) Worry or concern about the outbreak (4) Greater understanding of the virus (5) Confidence in government information (6) Vaccine effectiveness |
| 32 | Dong, Dong (2020) [63] | China | A discrete choice experiment | General population | To examine how factors related to vaccine characteristics, their social normative influence, and convenience of vaccination can affect the public’s preference for the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in China | Approximately: 78% | More likely: (1) Women, (2) Had children (3) Lived in an urban area | No social factors recorded | More likely: (1) High effectiveness of the vaccine (2) Long protective duration (3) Few adverse effects (4) Place of manufacturing (5) COVID-19 vaccine’s price (6) Number of injections (7) Vaccinated in the past |
| 33 | Graffigna, G (2020) [64] | Italy | Cross-sectional study | Random selection of Adults (over 18) | To understand how adult citizens’ health engagement, perceived COVID-19 susceptibility and severity, and general vaccine-related attitudes affect the willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 | 58.60% | More likely: Older individuals have more vaccine uptake, based on their correlating health engagement | No social factors measured | More likely: (1) Higher ratings of health engagement (2) High perceived susceptibility towards COVID-19 and disease severity |
| 34 | Roozenbeek J (2020) [65] | Ireland, USA, Spain, Mexico, UK | Cross-sectional study | Adults | To explore whether susceptibility to misinformation is a significant predictor of compliance with health guidance measures | The percentage was not measured | Age, gender, education, and minority status were measured; More likely: Being older and male | Political beliefs: No differences found between different political ideology with regards to the intention to use COVID-19 vaccine; More likely to vaccinate: higher trust in scientists | Less likely to vaccinate: Conspiracy beliefs and Misinformation |
| 35 | Grüner, S. (2020) [26] | Germany | Cross-sectional study | Students with and without healthcare background, and healthcare professionals | To better understand which determinants can explain the willingness to get vaccinated against COVID-19 | 68% | The willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 is quite similar among age groups and gender; More likely to vaccinate: Healthcare professionals, healthcare and non-healthcare students | More likely to vaccinate: Trust in the mass media, government, and the healthcare system | More likely: (1) Immunocompromised person/individuals with family members who have compromised immune systems (2) Those who think deliberately; Less likely: (1) Good health status (2) Those who use homoeopathy or naturopathy |
| 36 | Wong, L.P. (2020) [66] | Malaysia | Cross-sectional study | Malaysian residents (18–70 years of age) | To identify predictors of participants’ intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, and their WTP for COVID-19 vaccination | 48.2% (will be taking it); 29.8% (probably will be taking it) | More Likely: Males, those with highest education level, and those who are retired or unemployed. No differences found between age, ethnicity, living area, income level | More likely to vaccinate: Housewife | More likely: (1) Contact with people infected by COVID-19 (2) High risk of getting COVID-19 (3) Fear about getting COVID-19 (4) Vaccine confidence (5) Recommended by people, family; Less likely: (1) Adverse side effects (2) Vaccine efficacy (3) Vaccine safety (4) Personal beliefs against vaccine (5) Vaccine price (6) Inadequate information |
| 37 | Bokemper SE (2020) [67] | USA | Randomized control experiment | Random selection of Adults (over 18) | To examine how timing and elite endorsement effect public opinion about a COVID-19 vaccine | 51% | Higher vaccine acceptance amongst Democrats than Republicans. | Political beliefs and endorsement by public figures influence COVID-19 vaccine approval, confidence, and uptake; More likely to take the vaccine: (1) If approved after the election, rather than one week prior (2) Individuals who supported Dr. Fauci | No contextual factors were recorded |
| 38 | Williams, Lynn (2020) [68] | UK | Cross-sectional study (questionnaire and free-response questions) | Older adults (aged over 65) and those with chronic respiratory disease (aged 18–64) (asthma or COPD) | To understand the barriers and facilitators to receiving a future COVID-19 vaccine | 86% (58% definitely, 27% probably) | There were no differences in willingness to have the vaccine based on age group or gender | There were no differences in willingness to have the vaccine based on socioeconomic status; Less likely to vaccinate: Trust in media | More likely: (1) Belief that COVID-19 outbreak will continue for a long time (2) Personal health (3) Severity of COVID-19 disease (4) Health consequences to others; Less likely: Concerns about vaccine safety |
| 39 | Lin, Y. (2020) [69] | China | Cross-sectional study | Chinese citizens at least 18 years old | To understand coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine demand and hesitancy by assessing the public’s vaccination intention and willingness to pay (WTP) | 83.3% (28.7%, 54.6% probably) | Age, gender, marital status, education level, income level, and location were measured. Strong correlation with definite intention to vaccinate: Central and southern regions | No social factors recorded | Measured factors: Past experience with COVID-19, health history, worry about getting COVID-19, perceived benefits, perceived barriers. More likely to get the vaccine: (1) Good overall health (2) Fear about COVID-19 (3) Vaccine confidence (4) Recommendation by general population (5) Preference for domestically made COVID-19 vaccine rather than foreign-made; Less likely: Concerns about the safety, efficacy, or side effects of the vaccine |
| 40 | Grech, V (2020) [22] | Malta | Cross-sectional study | Healthcare workers | To ascertain Maltese healthcare workers’ hesitancy to a novel COVID-19 vaccine, and correlate this with influenza vaccine uptake | 52% | Males and doctors were likelier to takethe vaccine. | No social factors recorded | More likely: Likelihood of influenza vaccination. Concerns raised were related to insufficient knowledge about such a novel vaccine, and long-term side effects. |
| 41 | Barello, S (2020) [70] | Italy | Cross-sectional study | University Students | To explore university students’ attitudes towards a future vaccine to prevent COVID-19, and to evaluate the impact of the university curricula on the intention to vaccinate. | 86.10% | Type of education studied and level of study measured.There were no significant differences between healthcare students and non-healthcare students with regards to intention to vaccinate | Students’ intentions to vaccinate did not significantly differ based on social characteristics | No specific factors |
| 42 | Grech, V (2020) [71] | Malta | Cross-sectional study | General practitioners and trainees | To ascertain the degree of vaccine hesitancy of GPs and GP trainees in Malta with regrd to influenza vaccination and novel COVID-19 vaccine. | 70.8% of GPs, 29.6% Trainees | More likely to take vaccine (1) Increasing age (2) General practitioners | No social factors recorded | Likelihood of taking COVID-19 vaccine correlated with (1) Taking influenza vaccine (2) Vaccine effectiveness (3) Vaccine side effects (4) Anti-vaccines beliefs |
| 43 | Grech, V. (2020) [72] | Malta | Cross-sectional study | University students, academics, and administrators | To ascertain degree of vaccine hesitancy with regard to influenza and COVID-19 vaccination. | 31% | More likely to vaccinate: (1) Academics, followed by students and support staff (2) Faculty: Medicine (3) Older age (4) Males | No social factors recorded | Proportion of those likely to take the COVID-19 vaccine was directly related to: (1) Likelihood of taking influenza vaccine (2) Vaccine effectiveness (3) Vaccine side effects (4) General opposition to vaccines |
| 44 | Kose, S (2020) [24] | Turkey | Cross-sectional study | Healthcare workers | To determine the acceptance status of COVID-19 vaccines amongst healthcare professionals | 68.60% | Sex, age, occupation, smoking, and living place were measured. Men and healthcare workers were more likely to take the vaccines | No social factors recorded | Availability of vaccine, efficacy of vaccine, and previous vaccination were measured. People who were previously vaccinated were more likely to take the vaccines |
| 45 | Dror, A (2020) [9] | Israel | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 | To evaluate current vaccination compliance rates among the Israeli population | 75% | Age, region, profession, gender, marital status, and parenthood were measured. More likely to vaccinate: (1) Males (2) Doctors more likely than nurses (3) Internal medicine doctors more likely than general surgery doctors (4) Individuals who lost their jobs more likely than frontline workers | No social factors recorded | More likely to vaccinate: (1) People vaccinated against seasonal influenza (2) High vaccine safety (3) Rapid vaccine development (4) Fewer potential side effects (5) Associated COVID-19 illness (6) Contact with COVID-19-positive patients (7) At high risk to be infected with COVID-19 |
| 46 | Akarsu, B (2020) [73] | Turkey | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 that use social media or smartphones | To investigate the thoughts and attitudes of individuals towards a future COVID-19 vaccine | 49.70% | Gender, age, and occupation were measured. More likely: (1) sSudents (2) Women (3) Higher education levels (4) Healthcare workers | No social factors recorded | Increasing anxiety, private insurance, and regular flu shots were correlated with increase vaccine uptake |
| 47 | Marcec, R (2020) [74] | European Countries | Cross-sectional study | general population | To assess public opinion about attitudes towards SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in 26 European countries. | 58% | Demographic factors were not recorded | Social factors were not recorded | Public perceptions on vaccine uptake and hesitancy were measured |
| 48 | Guidry, P (2020) [75] | USA | Cross-sectional study | Adults over 18 | To assess psychosocial predictors of U.S. adults’ willingness to get a future COVID-19 vaccine | 30.7% (definitely) 29.2% (probably) | Age, gender, religion, ethnicity, and education were measured.More likely to increase vaccine uptake: (1) Participants with higher education (2) White people (3) Younger people | Participants with higher socio-economic status were more likely to vaccinate | (1) Rushed vaccine development reduced intention to take it (2) Insurance coverage made vaccine uptake more likely |