Table 1.

List of selected publications and the different types of HRQOL measures used.

Title/Author/Year of Publication	Country	Name of Instrument Used	Domains of HRQOL Used	Strength and Weakness
The development of an individualized questionnaire measure of perceived impact of diabetes on quality of life: The ADDQOL. Bradley et al. (1999)	United Kingdom	Audit of Diabetes-Dependent QOL measure (ADDQOL)	It has 13 Domains: Employment/Career Opportunities, Social Life, Family Relationships, Friendships, Sex, Life, Sporting, Holiday or Leisure Opportunities; The Ease with which I can Travel; Worries about my Future; Worries about the Future of my Family and Close Friends; Motivation to Achieve Things; Things I could do Physically and the Extent to which People would Fuss too much about Me	Diabetes-specific ADDQOL will be more sensitive to change and responsive to subgroup differences than a generic instrument such as the SF-36.
Reliability and validity of the appraisal of diabetes scale, Carey et al. (1991)	United States of America	Appraisal of diabetes scale (ADS)	Not mentioned	The ADS is easy to score and interpret and can be administered by nonprofessional support staff. The questionnaire can be completed within five minutes. The ADS could prove useful as a brief screening instrument for diabetes adjustment. The instrument can be administered to diabetic patients to identify patients that are experiencing or at risk of dysphoric reactions and noncompliance issues.
Development and validation of the Asian Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire Goh, Rusli, and Khalid (2015).	Malaysia	Asian Diabetes Quality of Life (AsianDQOL)	Not mentioned	The total score for AsianDQOL is unique to the respective language. To review the instruments used to assess the impact of PPC interventions. The AsianDQOL is more suitable for use in Malaysian population compared to DQOL, DQLCTQ-R and DSQOLS because it is disease specific and was constructed based on the Malaysian. The AsianDQOL is a valid, reliable, and stable tool for assessing QOL in multiethnic and multi-lingual NIDDM Asian populations
Item reduction and validation of the Chinese version of diabetes quality-of-life measure, Jin et al. (2018).	China	Chinese short versions DQOL	Four domains: Satisfaction level of “the amount of time it takes to manage your diabetes”; “the amount of time you spend getting a checkup”; “the time it takes to determine your sugar level”; “your current treatment”	Chinese DQOL was the preferred short version because it imposes a lower burden on patients without compromising the psychometric properties of the instrument. Training sample contained community-based patients, and most of them were not using insulin. This sample was relatively healthier than the diabetic population, who had more comorbidities, was inpatient, or using insulin; thus, the results cannot necessarily be generalized to the entire diabetic patient population.
Development and Validation of the Diabetes Care Fitzgerald et al. (1996).	United States of America	Diabetes Care Profile (DCP)	The instrument comprises of six subscales of the DCP measure diabetes-specific QOL domains comprising of Personal, Social, Emotional Functioning, and Perceptions of Control.	Using the DCP scale, results of worse QOL are associated with higher glycaemic levels, use of insulin or tablets, and if the patient is having larger number of complications due to diabetes. It takes 30 to 40 min to be complete the questionnaire.
The diabetes health profile (DHP): a new instrument for assessing the psychosocial profile of insulin requiring patients: development and psychometric evaluation, Meadows et al. (1996)	United Kingdom	Diabetes Health Profile (DHP)	Three subscales: The three factors were interpreted as Psychological Distress, Barriers to Activity and Disinhibited Eating.	DHP appears to be a reliable and valid instrument suitable for further development and application in a clinical and research context.
Measurement of Health Status in diabetic patients: Diabetes Impact Measurement Scales, Diabet. Care. Hammond and Aoki (1992)	United States of America	Diabetes Impact Measurement Scales (DIMS)	The items were grouped into four subscales: General Well-Being, Physical Symptoms, Social Functioning, and Diabetes-related Morale.	The Diabetes Impact Management Scales is an easily administered questionnaire with internal consistency and test–retest reliability. The questionnaire is simple and straightforward, comprising of items that are easily to understood; it covers a broad range of content relevant to diabetes impact.
Development and validation of the Diabetes Obstacles Questionnaire (DOQ) to assess obstacles in living with Type 2 diabetes Hearnshaw et al. in (2007).	United Kingdom	Diabetes Obstacles Questionnaire (DOQ)	DOQ, comprising of eight subscales covering Medication, Self-Monitoring, Knowledge and Beliefs, Diagnosis, Relationships with Health-Care Professionals, Lifestyle Changes, Coping, and Advice and Support.	DOQ covers a much wider and more detailed range of problems and obstacles than the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID). DOQ is a usable and valid instrument for both clinical and research settings. It helps to identify in detail the obstacles which an individual finds in living with NIDDM.
Development and validation of the diabetes quality of life clinical trial questionnaire Shen et al. (1999)	Multinational study: United States of America, Canada, Germany, and France	Diabetes Quality of Life Clinical Trial Questionnaire (DQLCTQ-R)	Energy/Fatigue; Health Distress; Mental Health; Satisfaction; Treatment Satisfaction; Treatment Flexibility; Frequency of Symptoms.	It is appropriate to use for IDDM and NIDDM patients.
Reliability and validity of a diabetes quality-of-life measure for the diabetes control and complications trial Jacobson, Barofsky, Cleary, and Rand, (1988).	United States of America	Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL)	Four Domains: Life Satisfaction, Diabetes Impact, Social/Vocational Related Worries, and Diabetes-related Worries.	The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DQOL) questionnaire has 46 items developed for IDDM diabetes as part of the DQOL. It is particularly relevant for the worry scales, because they were developed especially for use in younger patient samples. DQOL in its full form is too lengthy to be completed as part of a provider’s routine office visit.
A revised version of diabetes quality of life instrument maintaining domains for satisfaction, impact, and worry. Bujang et al. (2018)	Malaysia	Diabetes Quality of Life Revised version DQOL-R	“satisfaction” domain has six items, impact domain has four items, and “worry” domain has three items.	It has lesser items, only 13 items, and, hence, less time is needed to complete the questionnaire.
Validation of a diabetes-specific quality-of-life scale for patients with type 1 diabetes, Bott et al. (1998)	Germany	Diabetes-specific Quality of life Scale (DSQOLS)	The scale has six domains: Social Relations, Leisure Tile Flexibility, Physical Complaints, Worries Regarding the Future, Diet Restrictions and Daily Hassles.	To complete the questionnaire takes less than 20 min.
Development and Validation of the Diabetes Quality of Life Brief Clinical Inventory. Burroughs et al. (2004)	United States of America	DQOL Brief Clinical Inventory	Four domains: Satisfaction with Treatment, Impact of Treatment, Worry about the Future Effects of Diabetes, and Worry about Social/Vocational Issues.	The 15-item DQOL Brief Clinical Inventory provides a total health-related quality of life score that predicts self-reported diabetes care behaviors and satisfaction with diabetes control as effectively as the full version of the instrument. In addition, it provides a vehicle for quickly screening patients for readiness and specific treatment-related concerns. It takes about 10 min to administer and can be used to identify quality of life issues that might not arise during the typical patient provider encounter.
Development of elderly diabetes impact scales (EDIS) in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus, Araki et al. (1995)	Japan	Elderly Diabetes Burden Scale (EDBS)	The EDBS has six subscales which include Worry about Diabetes, Symptom Burden, Treatment Dissatisfaction, Burden by Tablets or Insulin, Dietary Restrictions, and Social Burden	The EDBS is useful in evaluating the quality of life in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus.
Developing a culturally valid and reliable quality of life questionnaire for diabetes mellitus. Alavi, Ghofranipour, Ahmadi, and Emami, (2007).	Iran	Iranian Diabetes Quality of Life (IRDQOL)	Not mentioned	The questionnaire successfully distinguished the lower QOL of patients suffering from pain in the limbs, loss of appetite, fatigue, constipation, and itching. The questionnaire could determine both general and health-related QOL for IDDM patients.
Validation of the Malay version of Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL) Questionnaire for Adult Population with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus., Bujang, et al. (2017)	Malaysia	Malay version of Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL)	Three domains, namely Satisfaction Domain, Impact Domain, and Worry Domain.	The Malay version of diabetes quality of life (DQOL) questionnaire was found to be a valid and reliable survey instrument to be used for Malaysian adult patients with diabetes mellitus.
Assessment of diabetes-related distress, Polonsky et al. (1995)	United States of America	Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID)	Not mentioned	The PAID is a brief and easy to administer instrument, which may serve as a clinical tool useful in the identification of patients who are experiencing high levels of diabetes-related distress.