Table 1.
Variable definitions.
| Variables | Abbreviation | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Labor | Labor | Labor force (millions of workers) | WDI |
| Ecological Footprint | EE | Measured by the sum total of croplands, forest, fishing, grazing, CO2 emissions, and infrastructure footprints | GFN |
| Fixed assets | FA | Millions of US dollars | WDI |
| Gross Domestic Product | GDP | Millions of US dollars | WDI |
| CO2 emissions | CO2 | Metric tons | WDI |
| Human development index | HDI | - | GFN |
| Economic growth (per capita GDP) | PGDP | Constant 2010 US$ | WDI |
| Renewable energy consumption | REC | Percentage (%) of total final energy | WDI |
| Urbanization | Urb | Urban population (% of total population) | WDI |
| Trade openness | TO | Trade (% of GDP) | WDI |
| Foreign direct investment | FDI | Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) | WDI |
| Financial development | FD | Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) | WDI |
| Industrial structure | IS | Industry value added (% of GDP) | WDI |