Table 3.

Mean normalization of the summary statistics across the regions in Africa.

Variables	Africa	North	West	Central	East	South
labor (input)	1.000	1.352	0.967	0.824	1.097	0.747
EF (input)	1.000	2.458	0.906	0.625	0.574	1.560
Fixed assets (carry-over)	0.9996	2.977	0.524	1.192	0.363	1.836
GDP (desired output)	0.973	2.670	0.818	0.575	0.375	2.315
HDI (desired output)	0.532	0.654	0.471	0.542	0.521	0.620
CO2 emissions (bad output)	1.122	2.116	0.399	1.723	0.461	3.371