Table 1.
Progressive, age-related neurological disorders in which miRNA-146a-5p is significantly upregulated in brain or CNS tissues; all neurotropic viruses indicated ultimately affect human brain or CNS function; (−)ssRNA = negative single-stranded RNA; (+)ssRNA = positive single-stranded RNA; dsDNA = double-stranded DNA genomes; prions contain no detectable nucleic acids [25]; natural hosts for prion infection are indicated; ‘interspecies transmission’ indicates disease transmissibility in experimental laboratory animals; there may be other neurotropic viruses or PrDs that involve miRNA-146a-5p remaining to be discovered; all neurotropic virus and prion diseases are alphabetically ordered; see also manuscript text.
| Neurotropic Viral Pathogen | Genus | Genome | Reference |
| Borna encephalitis disease virus 1 (BoEDV-1; BDV) | Mononegavirales | (−)ssRNA | [26,27] |
| Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) | Togaviridae | (+)ssRNA | [28] |
| enterovirus 71 (EV71) | Picornaviridae | (+)ssRNA | [29] |
| Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) | Herpesviridae | dsDNA | [30] |
| Hantavirus (HTV) | Bunyaviridae | (−)ssRNA | [31] |
| hepatitis A virus (HAV) | Picornaviridae | (+)ssRNA | [32] |
| hepatitis B virus (HBV) | Hepadnaviridae | dsDNA | [33,34,35,36] |
| hepatitis C virus (HCV) | Flaviviridae | (+)ssRNA | [37]; |
| herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) | Herpesviridae | dsDNA | [21,38,39,40,41] |
| Hendra virus (Henipavirus; HeV) | Paramyxoviridae | (−)ssRNA | [42] |
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Retrovirida | (+)ssRNA | [43] |
| human influenza A viruses (H1N1/H3N2) | Orthomyxoviridae | (+)ssRNA | [44,45] |
| early human papillomavirus virus 16 (eHPV-16) | Papillomaviridae | dsDNA | [46] |
| SARS-CoV-2 (agent for COVID-19 disease) | Betacoronavirus | (+)ssRNA | [47] |
| human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) | Retroviridae | (+)ssRNA | [48] |
| Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) | Flaviviridae | (+)ssRNA | [49,50] |
| Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) | Herpesviridae | dsDNA | [51] |
| severe fever-thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) | Bunyaviridae | (−)ssRNA | [52] |
|
neurological disease
(natural or experimental) |
natural host (family) | interspecies transmission | Reference |
| prion disease (PrD) | |||
| bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) | Bovidae; Hominidae | + | [16,41,53,54] |
| chronic wasting disease (CWD) | Cervidae | ? | [55]; Pogue & Lukiw, unpublished |
| sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jacob disease (sCJD) | Hominidae | + | [10,13,14,56,57] |
| variant Creutzfeldt–Jacob disease (sCJD) | Hominidae | + | [10,13,14,56,57,58] |
| Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS) | Hominidae | + | [10,13,14,56] |
| fatal familial insomnia (FFI) | Hominidae | + | [16,53]; Pogue & Lukiw, unpublished |
| Kuru | Hominidae | + | [59,60] |
| murine scrapie (experimental) | Muridae | + | [14,54,61] |
| transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) | Mustelidae | + | [56]; Pogue & Lukiw, unpublished |
| feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) | Felidae | ? | Pogue and Lukiw, unpublished |
| camel prion disease (CPD) | Camelidae | ? | [2,56] |
| human neurodegenerative disease | |||
| age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | Hominidae | ? | [11,21,39] |
| Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | Hominidae | ? | [3,10,21,40,62,63] |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | Hominidae | ? | [3,23] |
| cerebrovascular disease (CVD) | Hominidae | ? | [3,18] |
| peripheral neuropathies/tumors of the CNS | Hominidae | ? | [3,24] |
| temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) | Hominidae | ? | [20] |
| traumatic brain injury (TBI) | Hominidae | ? | [19] |