Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Sample Size | Intervention | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, Year |
Country | Sample | Treatment | Control | Mean Age (Years); (SD) | Treatment | Control | Time Points | Outcomes Included | Data Type |
| [31] | USA | T2DM | 97 CC | 78 | 57.35 (10.60) |
Telephone-based intervention | Active | Endpoint Follow-up (16 and 32 weeks) |
HbA1c Diabetes distress Depression |
ITT |
| [32] | USA | T2DM | 93 IC | 78 | 56.25 (10.91) |
Telephone-based intervention | Active | Endpoint Follow-up (16 and 32 weeks) |
HbA1c Diabetes distress Depression |
ITT |
| [33] | Italy | T1DM | 67 | 63 | 35.70 (9.40) |
Mobile-based telemedicine system | TAU | Endpoint Follow-up (12 weeks) |
HbA1c QoL |
ITT |
| [34] | Italy | T1DM | 63 | 64 | 36.90 (10.50) |
Mobile-based telemedicine system | TAU | Endpoint | HbA1c QoL |
ITT |
| [35] | France | T1DM | 30 | 30 | 41.30 (11.30) |
Mobile-phone software | Waitlist | Endpoint | HbA1c QoL |
Per-protocol |
| [36] | USA | T2DM | 25 | 25 | 60.00 (8.81) |
Comprehensive telemedicine intervention | TAU | Endpoint Follow-up (13 weeks) |
HbA1c Depression |
ITT |
| [37] | Turkey | T2DM | 23 | 21 | 52.93 (11.18) |
Tele-rehabilitation | TAU | Endpoint | HbA1c Depression |
Per-protocol |
| [38] | Spain | T1DM | 54 | 64 | 31.85 (9.57) |
Internet-based telemedicine system | TAU | Endpoint | HbA1c QoL |
Per-protocol |
| [39] | USA | T2DM | 93 | 95 | 51.50 (9.01) |
Interactive web-based tablet, computer-delivered tool | Active | Endpoint | Diabetes distress HbA1c |
Per-protocol |
| [40] | Spain | T1DM | 19 | 16 | 25.00 (8.54) |
Telephone-based telecare | TAU | Endpoint Follow-up (26 weeks) |
HbA1c QoL |
ITT |
| [41] | Australia | T1DM | 36 | 36 | 35.20 (10.43) |
Smartphone-based app | TAU | Endpoint Follow-up (12 weeks) |
HbA1c QoL |
ITT |
| [42] | USA | T2DM | 62 | 35 | 54.09 (8.30) |
Mobile Health intervention | Active | Endpoint | HbA1c Diabetes distress Depression QoL |
Per-protocol |
| [43] | Australia | T2DM | 63 | 63 | 61.30 (11.10) |
Tailored telemonitoring intervention | TAU | Endpoint | HbA1c QoL Depression |
Per-protocol |
Note. USA = United States; CC = Couple Calls; IC = Individual Calls; T1DM = Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus; T2DM = Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; TAU = Treatment as usual; HbA1c = Hemoglobin A1c; QoL = Quality of life; ITT = Intention-To-Treat.