Figure 1.

Origin of suggested molecular and soluble markers for selection and assessment of Ra-223 treated patients. Metastatic prostate cancer cells in the bone enhances the vicious cycle of bone degradation and formation. Boxed factors might serve as a biomarker for Ra-223 treatment assessment. Ra-223: radium-223 dichloride, RANK: receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β, RANKL: RANK Ligand, OPG: osteoprotegerin, IL-6: Interleukin 6, IL-8: Interleukin 8, M-CSF: Macrophage-colony stimulating factor, PSA: Prostate specific antigen, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta, VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor, CTC: Circulating tumor cell, CTx: C-telopeptide type-1 collagen, NTx: N-telopeptide, PYR: pyridinoline, P1NP: amino-terminal procollagen propeptides, b-ALP: Bone specific alkaline phosphatase, BMP: bone morphogenetic proteins, ILGF: Insulin-like growth factors, PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factors.