Table 1.

Assessment tools used to measure or identify intrinsic features of picky eating.

Assessment Name	Brief Description	Study
Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ): food fussiness subscale	Six questions thought to relate to food pickiness including: My child enjoys tasting new food; My child enjoys a wide variety of food; My child is interested in tasting food tasted before; My child refuses new foods at first; My child decides that she/he doesn’t like food, even without tasting it; My child is difficult to please with meal. Parents respond to each question on a 5-point scale (1 = never, 5 = always) and responses are averaged	[21,22,27,30,32,35,37,42,44,54,55,60,65,69,72]
Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ)	A 35 itemed assessment thought to measure children eating behaviours. It has eight subscales: food responsiveness; good fussiness (as above); emotional overeating; enjoyment of food; desire to drink; satiety-responsiveness; slowness in eating and emotional undereating. Parents respond to each question on a 5-point scale (1 = never, 5 = always) and responses are averaged.	[29,33,45,53,61,80,82,90]
One single study specific question	For example, ‘is your child a picky eater’ or ‘is your child choosy about food’.	[29,33,45,53,61,80,82,90]
Study specific structured interview	Varied	[31,36,41]
Behaviour checklist: two items	These two items are thought to assess picky eating: these being lack of appetite and food fussiness. These items were scored 1–3 and then averaged.	[81]
Colorado Children’s Temperament Inventor: reaction to food subscale	This subscale asked the mother to rate her child on a series of 5 items about the child’s typical responses to food and includes items common across picky-eating scale.	[62]
Behavioural Paediatric Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFAS): frequency subscale	This subscale is used to measure food avoidance. Parents complete thirty-five items on a five-point Likert scale.	[29]
Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA)	A semi-structured psychiatric interview for parents including questions about child’s food preferences and appetite over previous three months, including restriction of feeds and whether food selectivity impairs functioning.	[66,79]
Child Behaviour Checklist: picky eating subscale	Uses two questions from the 99 itemed parent report questionnaire: ‘does not eat well’ and ‘refuses to eat’ on a three-point Likert scale	[43,74]
Mealtime assessment survey (MAS): singular picky eating question	Contains 43 items about toddler mealtime behaviours and 25 items focused on parent mealtime strategies; within the study children were categorised as picky or non-picky by one question: ‘is your child a picky eater’.	[38]
Brief Assessment of Mealtime Behaviour in Children (BAMBIC): subscale	10-item parent report questionnaire on mealtime behaviour. Raw subscale scores for Limited Variety, Food Refusal, and Disruptive Behaviour were included as variables in this study.	[47]
Food Preference Questionnaire for children (FPQ)	Caregivers rate their child’s liking for 75 commonly consumed individual foods from six food groups. Items are scored on a five-point Likert scale or a never tried option which is scored as a missing response.	[22]
Child-reported Food Preference Questionnaire (C-FPQ) (based on the FPQ)In pilot phase for Australian children aged 7–12 years old	Child’s food preferences to core foods: Fruits, vegetables, protein-rich (meat and alternatives, breads, etc.), carbohydrate-rich (cereals, etc.), dairy and non-core sweet and savory foods and beverages. Measured on a 5-point Likert scale.	[88]
Picky eating questionnaire (PEQ) In pilot phase for Australian children aged 7–12 years old	Measures primary caregiver’s perception of their child’s pickiness to core foods: fruits; vegetables; meat and alternatives; breads and cereals; dairy. Measured on a 5-point Likert scale.	[88]
Oregon Research Institute Child Eating Behaviour Inventory (ORI-CEBI)	An items pool addressing child eating behaviours outcome of picky eating behaviour was assessed using certain subscales limited variety, preparation for food preparation and food refusals.	[16,57,64]