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. 2021 Aug 25;22(17):9193. doi: 10.3390/ijms22179193

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Nanotube extrusion measured using the optical tweezers. (A) Nanotube stiffness (expresses as Young’s modulus) between different conditions NRVFs. (n^Fibro-CT = 60, n^Fibro-WT = 58, n^Fibro-MT = 70, analyzed curves, respectively). (B) Force curve between NRVFs CT, WT, and NRVFs with LMNA D192G mutation. (C) Cartoon showing the resistance force impacting the nanotube extrusion. (D) The pulling force of the OT bead after the interaction with the plasma membrane is counteracted by bending rigidity (with stretching and compression of membrane layer) and surface tension (with pulling force of cytoskeleton), (*** p < 0.0001; * p < 0.05; NS = non-significant).