Table 7.

Animal studies of the gut microbiota in CKD.

Reference	Authors	Year of Study	Animal Species	Study Findings in Diseased Group vs. Control
[131]	Nishiyama et al.	2019	CKD mice (5/6 nephrectomy) vs. controls	Reduced Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, and unclassified Ruminococcaceae genera in mice with CKD while Bifidobacterium, Turicibacter, and Allobaculum genera were increased.
[132]	Yang et al.	2018	Adenine-induce CKD mice vs. control group (with and without prebiotic fiber)	Prebiotic supplementation reduced Clostridium, Erysipelotrichaceae, unclassified Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, Staphylococcus, and Dorea levels but had no effect on Ruminococcus, Blautia, and Coprobacillus.
[133]	Yang et al.	2015	Spontaneous hypertensive rats and angiotensin II-infused chronic hypertensive rats compared to controls	Decreased microbial diversity in hypertensive rats vs. controls. Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes ratio was increased, associated with reduced acetate and butyrate-producing bacteria.
[134]	Vaziri et al.	2013	CKD (5/6 nephrectomy rats) vs. control	Rats with chronic renal failure showed increased Betaproteobacteria class but decreased Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria phyla, Lactobacillaceae, Prevotellaceae families, Clostridia, Mollicutes, Bacilli, and Bacteroidiaclass.
[135]	Tanida et al.	2005	Hypertensive Wistar rats vs. healthy rats (administered with Lactobacillus johnsonii probiotic)	Administration of Lactobacillus johnsonii reduced blood pressure and might be due to altering renal sympathetic nerve activity.
[136]	Kawase et al.	2000	Rats fed fermented milk with Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus casei, or both vs. control	Atherogenic index, systolic blood pressure, and total serum cholesterol level were reduced.