Table 1.

Summary of JNK inhibitors studied in infectious diseases.

Type of Inhibitor	Inhibitor	Effects on Pathogens	Pathogens	References
ATP-competitive inhibitors	SP600125	Reduce pathogen replication	Viruses: Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus, rotavirus, fowl adenovirus serotype 4, bovine herpesvirus 1, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, Orthopoxviruses. Bacteria: Brucella melitensis Fungus: Candida albicans	[21,41,44,109,110,111,112,113,114]
		Inhibit pathogen entry	Viruses: West Nile virus, hepatitis C Virus Bacteria: Chlamydia pneumonia	[115,116,117]
		Enhance pathogen replication	Viruses: Oncolytic vaccinia virus	[66]
		No significant effects	Viruses: Japanese encephalitis virus, coxsackievirus B3, vesicular stomatitis virus, porcine reproductive, respiratory syndrome virus, and poliovirus.	[49,118,119,120,121]
	AS601245	Reduce pathogen replication	Viruses: hepatitis C Virus	[116]
	JNK-IN-8	Reduce pathogen replication	Viruses: respiratory syncytial virus	[122]
Small peptide inhibitors	JNK peptide inhibitor 1	Reduce pathogen replication	Viruses: porcine circovirus type 2	[125]
	JIP-1	Reduce pathogen replication	Viruses: herpes simplex virus type 1	[126]