Table 2.
Viruses and aggregate formation. Examples of viral proteins involved in aggregate formation and their involvement in the autophagic response.
| Virus | Protein | Involvement in Aggregate Formation | Involvement of Autophagy |
|---|---|---|---|
| African swine fever virus (ASFV) | - | Concentrates vDNA in aggresome-like viral factories | Not known |
| Baculoviruses | BmNPV polyhedrin | Co-localizes with aggregate markers | Co-localizes with LC3 |
| Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) | E4-11k and E1B-55k | Sequester the MRN DNA repair complex to the insoluble fraction | Re-localize components of RNA processing bodies to aggresomes |
| Influenza A virus (IAV) | PB1-F2 | Capable of oligomerizing into amyloid fibers | Not known |
| Herpesviruses | M45 (MCMV) | Purified N-terminal fragment (90 aa) forms amyloid fibrils in vitro Expression in cells causes accumulation of RIPK1 and NEMO as insoluble aggregates |
Recruits autophagy adapters VPS26B and TBC1D5 and degrades aggregates by autophagy |
| ICP6 (HSV-1) | Induces the formation of RIPK1 aggregates | Degrades aggregates by autophagy | |
| ICP6 (HSV-1) | Re-localize nuclear APOBEC3 proteins to distinct structures in the cytoplasm | Not known | |
| BORF2 (EBV) | |||
| ORF61 (KSHV) | |||
| UL48 (HCMV) | Sequester TRIM25 in aggregate structures | Bind to 14-3-3 scaffold proteins and co-localize with p62 | |
| BPLF1 (EBV) | |||
| ORF64 (KSHV) |