Figure 3.

Network depicting direct or indirect interactions between bioactive components in spices and key inflammatory mediators such as TNF- α, CXCL8 (IL8), IL6, and CCL2 known to be elevated in COVID-19 patients. Hypercytokinemia in COVID-19 patients is associated with elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α), interleukins (IL6, IL8), and chemokine CCL2. Levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines get further increased in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Based on the IPA data, a focused view on the interaction among these cytokines and bioactive components is depicted. The bioactive components can predictably inhibit TNF- α, CCL2, CXCL8 (IL8), and IL6. Further, the IPA network demonstrates the synergistic effects between most of the bioactive components and multiple inflammatory mediators. Piperine and curcumin cross-talk that enhance their downstream effects in TNF-α inhibition depicted in the IPA network.