Table 4.
Income and health cost for participants with single, two and three conditions attending an integrated one-stop clinic in Uganda and Tanzania. The mean costs and 95% confidence intervals reported are in 2020 US$
| Cost component | HIV only | Diabetes | Hypertension | HIV + diabetes | HIV + hypertension | Diabetes + hypertension | HIV + diabetes + hypertension |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consultation costs | $0.20 (0.12, 0.30) | $0.81 (0.45, 1.27) | $0.27 (0.13, 0.44) | $0.68 (0.00, 1.58) | $0.08 (0.00, 0.19) | $0.50 (0.26, 0.77) | $0.16 (0.00, 0.46) |
| Treatment costs | $0.05 (0.00, 0.12) | $2.64 (0.96, 5.26) | $0.67 (0.15, 1.53) | $1.01 (0.00, 2.72) | $0.01 (0.00, 0.04) | $0.96 (0.21, 2.21) | $0.00 (0.00, 0.00) |
| Medication costs | $0.03 (0.00, 0.08) | $4.81 (2.49, 7.53) | $1.69 (0.81, 2.80) | $4.40 (0.00, 10.58) | $0.14 (0.00, 0.38) | $3.78 (1.30, 7.25) | $0.90 (0.00, 2.45) |
| Transport costs | $1.37 (1.24, 1.52) | $1.16 (0.96, 1.39) | $0.86 (0.75, 0.97) | $1.85 (1.29, 2.43) | $1.66 (1.33, 2.03) | $1.46 (1.17, 1.79) | $1.73 (1.28, 2.22) |
| Transport costs for other persons | $0.07 (0.04, 0.10) | $0.15 (0.07, 0.24) | $0.09 (0.06, 0.13) | $0.05 (0.00, 0.14) | $0.10 (0.03, 0.20) | $0.22 (0.07, 0.42) | $0.12 (0.00, 0.30) |
| Lost labour costs | $0.92 (0.73, 1.13) | $0.90 (0.66, 1.18) | $0.50 (0.38, 0.67) | $0.70 (0.33, 1.19) | $0.82 (0.59, 1.08) | $0.74 (0.50, 1.06) | $0.95 (0.39, 1.83) |
| Other costs (food) | $1.56 (1.39, 1.76) | $1.85 (1.53, 2.21) | $1.57 (1.32, 1.88) | $1.48 (0.82, 2.35) | $1.30 (1.03, 1.63) | $2.02 (1.53, 2.63) | $1.34 (0.95, 1.80) |
| Total monthly patient-related costsa | $4.20 (3.82, 4.61) | $12.32 (8.13, 17.48) | $5.66 (4.15, 7.61) | $10.17 (3.79, 18.75) | $4.11 (3.47, 4.84) | $9.68 (6.10, 14.78) | $5.20 (3.71, 7.02) |
| Average monthly household income | $75.15 (65.34, 86.95) | $125.4 (73.55, 214.9) | $89.43 (70.86, 111.2) | $81.81 (52.26, 115.2) | $79.09 (59.68, 101.3) | $95.20 (67.41, 136.0) | $76.23 (42.66, 117.0) |
| Total integrated costsb | $38.38 (37.03, 39.83) | $25.80 (23.42, 28.88) | $22.57 (21.65, 23.68) | $44.88 (39.17, 50.81) | $36.15 (34.20, 38.11) | $28.55 (26.93, 30.61) | $40.67 (36.04, 45.44) |
| % of transport costs as a function of monthly household incomec | 4.4% (3.7, 5.2) | 3.0% (2.1, 4.0) | 2.5% (2.0, 3.2) | 6.9% (2.4, 13.2) | 6.2% (4.3, 8.6) | 4.4% (3.2, 5.8) | 3.8% (2.1, 5.9) |
| % of total patient-related costs as a function of monthly incomed | 9.3% (8.3, 10.5) | 12.2% (9.7, 14.8) | 9.2% (7.5, 11.1) | 17.8% (9.3, 27.5) | 11.7% (8.9, 14.8) | 12.2% (10.0, 14.6) | 9.3% (5.8, 13.4) |
| % of total patient-related costs as a function of total integrated coste | 10.9% (10.0, 12.1) | 47.5% (34.0, 61.8) | 25.0% (18.9, 32.4) | 22.5% (8.9, 39.9) | 11.4% (9.7, 13.3) | 33.7% (22.3, 48.8) | 12.8% (9.2, 17.4) |
aAverage patient costs for all participants combined is $7.33 (95% CI 3.70, 15.86) with transport and medication costs of $1.44 (95% CI 0.81, 2.18) and $2.25 (95% CI 0.00, 7.55), respectively
bTotal integrated cost is the sum of total health service cost (Table 3) and total patient-related costs minus patient-paid medication costs to avoid duplication
cThe proportion of transport cost as a function of the monthly household income per health care visit for patients with single conditions was 3.3% (95% CI 2.1, 4.9) and 5.3% (95% CI 2.4, 10.7) for patients with multiple conditions. The overall proportion of transport costs as a function of monthly household income was 4.5% (95% CI 2.1, 9.6). Computed only for participants with a household income
dThe proportion of total out-of-pocket expenditure as a function of the monthly household income per health care visit for patients with single conditions was 10.3% (95% CI 7.9, 14.2) and 12.7% (95% CI 6.8, 24.0) for patients with multiple conditions. The overall proportion of patient-related costs as a function of monthly household income was 11.7% (95% CI 7.3, 22.1). Computed only for participants with a household income
eThe overall proportion of total patient-related costs as a function of total integrated cost was 23.4% (95% CI 9.9, 54.3)