Table 1.
Summary of meta-analytical data concerning peripheral cytokine levels in first episode psychosis (FEP) and first episode drug naïve (FEAN) patients as compared to healthy controls.
| Marker | Miller et al. (2011) | Upthegrove et al. (2014) | Goldsmith et al. (2016) | Fang et al. (2017) | Frydecka et al. (2018) * | Pillinger et al. (2019) | Çakici et al. (2020) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alt. | nS (nP) | Alt. | nS (nP) | Alt. | nS (nP) | Alt. | nS (nP) | Alt. | nS (nP) | Alt. | nS (nP) | Alt. | nS (nP) | |
| IL-1β | ↑ | 3 (151) | ↑ | 3 (99) | ↑ | 6 (333) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0 | — | (269) | — | 9 (298) |
| IL-1RA | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | ↑ | 2 (194) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0 | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) |
| IL-2 | — | 4 (116) | — | 3 (26) | — | 5 (140) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0 | — | (205) | — | 10 (249) |
| sIL-2R | ↑ | 3 (30) | ↑ | 3 (58) | ↑ | 3 (30) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0 | NA | (36) | NA | 0 (0) |
| IL-4 | NA | 0 (0) | — | 2 (93) | ↓ | 4 (193) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0 | — | (320) | — | 8 (308) |
| IL-6 | ↑ | 4 (117) | ↑ | 5 (181) | ↑ | 11 (506) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0 | ↑ | (652) | ↑ | 14 (540) |
| IL-8 | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | ↑ | 2 (49) | NA | 0 (0) | — | 3 (99) | — | (96) | ↑ | 6 (123) |
| IL-10 | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | ↑ | 4 (357) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0 | — | (415) | — | 10 (567) |
| IL-12 | ↑ | 2 (78) | NA | 0 (0) | — | 3 (258) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0 | NA | 0 (0) | — | 2 (15) |
| IL-17 | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | — | 2 (157) | — | 5 (313) | NA | 0 (0 | ↑ | (413) | NA | 0 (0) |
| IL-18 | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | — | 3 (335) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0 | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) |
| TNF-α | ↑ | 4 (200) | ↑ | 3 (99) | ↑ | 9 (587) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0 | ↑ | (488) | ↑ | 11 (376) |
| IFN-γ | ↑ | 2 (48) | — | 3 (103) | ↑ | 7 (452) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0 | ↑ | (344) | — | 11 (334) |
| TGF-β | ↑ | 2 (81) | NA | 0 (0) | ↑ | 3 (169) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | ↑ | (133) | — | 2 (98) |
Alt.—alteration, nS—number of studies, nP—number of patients, NA—data not available, — not alternated, ↑—elevated levels, ↓—reduced levels. * This metanalysis included non-drug naïve FEP patients.