Table 2.
Summary of meta-analytical data concerning peripheral cytokine levels in acute relapsed chronic (ARCh), stable chronic (SCh) and clinical high-risk or ultra-high-risk (CHR/UHR) patients as compared to healthy controls.
| Marker | Miller et al. (2011) | Goldsmith et al. (2016) | Frydecka et al. (2018) | Park et al. (2019) | Misiak et al. (2021) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ARCh | nS (nP) | SCh | nS (nP) | ARCh | nS (nP) | SCh | nS (nP) | ARCh | nS (nP) | CHR | nS (nP) | CHR/UHR | nS (nP) | |
| IL-1β | NA | 0 (0) | — | 3 (127) | ↑ | 3 (131) | ↑ | 4 (330) | NA | 0 (0) | ↓ | 2 (14) | — | 3 |
| IL-1RA | ↑ | 2 (32) | NA | 0 (0) | ↑ | 2 (32) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 |
| IL-2 | — | 2 (43) | — | 4 (132) | — | 2 (43) | — | 6 (193) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 |
| sIL-2R | — | 2 (32) | — | 3 (90) | ↑ | 3 (58) | ↑ | 3 (116) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 |
| IL-4 | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | ↓ | 4 (169) | — | 2 (73) | NA | 0 (0) | — | 2 (44) | NA | 2 |
| IL-6 | ↑ | 6 (156) | — | 5 (164) | ↑ | 9 (279) | ↑ | 12 (711) | NA | 0 (0) | ↑ | 5 (81) | ↑ | 7 |
| IL-8 | ↑ | 2 (46) | NA | 0 (0) | ↑ | 2 (46) | NA | 0 (0) | ↑ | 12 (696) | — | 3 (47) | — | 3 |
| IL-10 | ↓ | 2 (46) | NA | 0 (0) | ↓ | 2 (46) | — | 4 (118) | NA | 0 (0) | — | 2 (15) | — | 2 |
| IL-12 | NA | 0 (0) | — | 3 (104) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | — | 3 (47) | — | 2 |
| TNF-α | ↑ | 4 (78) | — | 3 (171) | ↑ | 7 (269) | ↑ | 9 (508) | NA | 0 (0) | — | 2 (44) | — | 4 |
| TNF-β | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | — | 2 (15) | NA | 0 |
| IFN-γ | ↑ | 2 (57) | — | 2 (62) | ↑ | 4 (162) | ↓ | 4 (198) | NA | 0 (0) | — | 2 (24) | — | 5 |
| TGF-β | ↑ | 2 (78) | — | 2 (119) | ↑ | 6 (243) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 (0) | NA | 0 |
nS—number of studies, nP—number of patients, NA—data not available, ——not alternated, ↑—elevated levels, ↓—reduced levels.