Table 4.
Methodological quality of cross-sectional studies.
| Study | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Level of Evidence | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||
| Artner et al. [11] | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | C |
| Bahouq et al. [12] | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | C |
| Burgess et al. [44] | + | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | C |
| Gerhart et al. [45] | + | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | C |
| Ho et al. [46] | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + | C |
| Juan et al. [47] | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | C |
| Kennedy et al. [48] | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | C |
| Kim et al. [49] | − | − | − | + | + | + | − | + | C |
| Kim et al. [50] | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | C |
| Ouchi et al. [51] | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | + | C |
| Purushothaman et al. [13] | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | C |
| Rodrigues-De-Souza et al. [52] | − | + | − | + | + | + | − | + | C |
| Shmagel et al. [53] | + | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | C |
| Srivastava et al. [54] | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | + | C |
| Uchmanowicz et al. [55] | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | C |
| Wang et al. [56] | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | + | C |
| Yamada et al. [57] | − | + | − | + | + | + | − | + | C |
Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale: adapted for cross-sectional studies. Legend: +, score fulfilled; −, score not fulfilled/too little information; 1, representative sample; 2, sample size; 3, non-respondents; 4, ascertainment of exposure; 5, study controls for age and sex; 6, study controls for psychological factor(s); 7, assessment of outcome; 8, statistical test.