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. 2021 Aug 26;10(17):3833. doi: 10.3390/jcm10173833

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Impacts of exercise and its sex-specific influences on cardiac (A) and vascular (B) remodeling in humans and animals. ↓decrease, ↑increase, left ventricular (LV), stroke volume (SV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), pulse wave velocity (PWV), blood pressure (BP), nitric oxide (NO), right ventricular (RV), ejection fraction (EF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).