Table 1.
Mean changes in neuromuscular function, according to myotonometry and tensiomyography.
| Intervention Extremity (Group) | Control Extremity (Group) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Final | Within-Group Difference (Pre-Post) | Baseline | Final | Within-Group Difference (Pre-Post) | |||||
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean | 95% CI | ES | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean | 95% CI | ES | |
| Lateral Gastrocnemius | ||||||||||
| Tone (Hz) | 15.88 ± 2.08 | 15.48 ± 1.95 | −0.36 | (−0.545; −0.173) | 0.20 | 15.67 ± 2.72 | 15.69 ± 1.97 | 0.06 | (−0.440; 0.564) | 0.01 |
| Stiffness (N/m) * | 283.72 ± 47.64 | 274.10 ± 43.58 | −8.28 | (−12.838; −3.725) | 0.21 | 279.72 ± 45.29 | 276.02 ± 43.09 | −2.65 | (−7.423; 2.125) | 0.08 |
| Elasticity | 1.17 ± 0.19 | 1.19 ± 0.18 | 0.02 | (−0.002; 0.059) | 0.11 | 1.16 ± 0.20 | 1.18 ± 0.19 | 0.02 | (−0.002; 0.055) | 0.10 |
| Relaxation (m/s) * | 19.56 ± 3.56 | 20.13 ± 3.13 | 0.50 | (0.136; 0.863) | 0.17 | 19.80 ± 3.45 | 19.97 ± 3.11 | 0.11 | (−0.252; 0.471) | 0.05 |
| Creep (m/s) * | 1.20 ± 0.21 | 1.23 ± 0.18 | 0.03 | (0.006; 0.052) | 0.15 | 1.23 ± 0.25 | 1.22 ± 0.18 | −0.02 | (−0.063; 0.029) | 0.05 |
| TC (m/s) | 35.59 ± 20.72 | 37.57 ± 21.38 | 1.98 | (−2.958; 6.913) | 0.09 | 34.62 ± 21.69 | 38.04 ± 21.60 | 3.43 | (−2.431; 9.285) | 0.16 |
| TD (m/s) | 23.54 ± 18.68 | 21.69 ± 3.83 | −1.85 | (−7.322; 3.629) | 0.14 | 20.75 ± 3.14 | 22.18 ± 7.22 | 1.43 | (−0.519; 3.381) | 0.26 |
| TR (m/s) | 59.70 ± 36.97 | 54.51 ± 42.05 | −5.19 | (−20.199; 9.810) | 0.13 | 52.78 ± 34.68 | 48.18 ± 22.34 | −4.60 | (−14.777; 5.571) | 0.16 |
| DM (mm) | 3.46 ± 2.25 | 3.47 ± 2.48 | 0.01 | (−0.374; 0.401) | 0.00 | 3.41 ± 2.22 | 3.71 ± 2.38 | 0.30 | (−0.165; 0.772) | 0.13 |
| TS (m/s) | 231.21 ± 56.24 | 222.33 ± 50.75 | −8.88 | (−30.636; 12.868) | 0.17 | 226.48 ± 68.99 | 208.50 ± 6.74 | −17.98 | (−39.849; 3.879) | 0.37 |
| Medial Gastrocnemius | ||||||||||
| Tone (Hz) | 15.09 ± 1.66 | 14.70 ± 1.61 | −0.38 | (−0.554; −0.208) | 0.24 | 15.17 ± 1.55 | 14.87 ± 1.57 | −0.28 | (−0.438; −0.113) | 0.001 |
| Stiffness (N/m) | 254.48 ± 54.46 | 250.52 ± 34.47 | −3.42 | (−14.70; 7.856) | 0.09 | 258.24 ± 36.35 | 252.38 ± 33.58 | −5.26 | (−10.101; −0.421) | 0.034 |
| Elasticity | 1.17 ± 0.18 | 1.18 ± 0.14 | 0.01 | (−0.039; 0.064) | 0.06 | 1.13 ± 0.22 | 1.18 ± 0.14 | 0.05 | (−0.003; 0.098) | 0.064 |
| Relaxation (m/s) | 20.88 ± 3.13 | 21.51 ± 2.79 | 0.59 | (0.220; 0.955) | 0.13 | 20.86 ± 3.07 | 21.35 ± 2.77 | 0.43 | (0.067; 0.798) | 0.021 |
| Creep (m/s) | 1.27 ± 0.18 | 1.30 ± 0.16 | 0.03 | (0.009; 0.054) | 0.18 | 1.26 ± 0.18 | 1.29 ± 0.16 | 0.03 | (0.002; 0.049) | 0.032 |
| TC (m/s) | 22.68 ± 10.62 | 22.60 ± 7.71 | −0.08 | (−1.953; 1.797) | 0.01 | 24.14 ± 12.60 | 23.34 ± 10.30 | −1.02 | (−3.276; 1.329) | 0.369 |
| TD (m/s) | 19.33 ± 2.20 | 19.21 ± 2.41 | −0.11 | (−0.640; 0.417) | 0.05 | 20.45 ± 8.05 | 19.29 ± 2.99 | −1.24 | (−3.769; 1.293) | 0.330 |
| TR (m/s) | 59.38 ± 70.41 | 58.05 ± 55.33 | −1.33 | (−22.370; 19.705) | 0.02 | 75.30 ± 137.71 | 52.59 ± 58.37 | −24.12 | (−62.792; 14.552) | 0.216 |
| DM (mm) | 1.87 ± 1.25 | 1.72 ± 1.24 | −0.16 | (−0.309; −0.007) | 0.12 | 1.87 ± 1.24 | 1.81 ± 1.17 | −0.09 | (−0.317; 0.132) | 0.412 |
| TS (m/s) | 203.80 ± 96.94 | 211.15 ± 92.63 | 7.35 | (−12.566; 27.256) | 0.08 | 212.72 ± 170.68 | 227.31 ± 104.74 | 10.69 | (−44.470; 65.450) | 0.696 |
DM: maximum radial displacement; TC: contraction time; TD: delay time; TR: relaxation time; TS: sustained time; ES. Effect Size. * Significant group × time interaction (ANCOVA, p < 0.05).