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. 2021 Aug 24;10(17):3778. doi: 10.3390/jcm10173778

Table 3.

Summary of pharmacological intervention in post-stroke aphasia (PSA).

Drug Positive Effect on PSA Observed Negative or No Positive Effect on PSA Observed Adverse Effects
DONEPEZIL Zhang et al.; meta-analysis of 5 studies with 277 patient [65] Berthier et al.; randomized controlled trial; n = 13; chronic stage, dose up to 10 mg; period 16 weeks [66] Woodhead et al.; baseline-controlled, crossover study, n = 20; chronic stage, period 5 weeks [67]

  • Insomnia

  • Irritability

  • Headaches

  • Tiredness

  • Dizziness

  • Muscle cramps

  • Increased sexual drive
MEMANTINE Berthier et al.; randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, n = 28; dose 20 mg; period 16 weeks; chronic stage [68] Barbarancho et al.; randomized, double-blinded study, n = 27; dose, period, chronic stage [69]
AMPHETAMINE Keser et al.; randomized study, n = 10, period 1 day, chronic stage [71] Walker-Batson et al.; prospective, double-blinded study, n = 21; dose:10 mg; period 5 weeks; subacute stroke [70] Whiting et al.; double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design; n = 2, chronic stage [90] McNeil et al.; crossover, multiple-baseline study; n = 2, chronic stage [73]

  • Insomnia
LEVODOPA Seniów et al.; randomized study; n = 39; dose: 5 × 100 mg; period: 3 weeks; subacute stroke [78] Breitenstein et al.; double-blind randomized placebo controlled study; n = 10, chronic stage, period 10 days [79] Leemann et al.; double-blind multiple case study, n = 12, subacute stage, dose 100 mg, period 2 weeks [80]

  • No/Not reported
PIRACETAM Huber et al., Orgogozo et al.; post-hoc analysis of multicenter double-blind trial; n = 927; dose 12 g; period 8 weeks, acute stage [75,76] Enderby et al.; double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study, n = 158, period 12 weeks; acute stage [91] Kessler et al.; prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, n = 24, dose 2,4 g, period 6 weeks; post-acute/chronic stage [77] De Deyn et al.; multicenter double-blind trial; n = 927; dose 12 g; period 8 weeks, acute stage [74] Güngör et al.; randomized, double-blind study, n = 30, dose 4,8g, period 6 months, chronic stage [92]

  • Vertigo

  • Sleep disturbances

  • Tiredness

  • Gastrointestinal irritability

  • Seizures

  • Agitation

  • Vomiting

  • Anxiety

  • Nausea
FLUOXETINE EFFECTS 2020; randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial, n = 1500; dose 20 mg, period 6 months, acute stage [89]

  • Falls

  • Bone fractures

  • Epileptic seizures
BROMOCRIPTINE Bragoni et al.; prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study; n = 11, chronic stage; dose: up to 30 mg; period 60 days [84] Ashtary et al.; double-blind, placebo controlled study, n = 38, dose 10 mg, period 4 months, acute stage [83]

  • Atrial flutter and fibrillation

  • Epileptic seizures

  • Visual hallucinations

  • Dystonic movements

  • Tiredness

  • Syncopal episode

  • Nausea
GALANTAMINE Hong et al.; prospective study; n = 45, dose up to 16 mg; period 12 weeks; chronic stage [93]

  • No
DESMOPRESIN Tsikunov and Belekoskova; (intranasal usage); single cohort crossover design study, n = 26, chronic stage [94]

  • No
PROPRANOLOL Beversdorf et al.; double-blind crossover study, dose 40 mg; chronic stage [95]

  • Not reported
tPA (TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR) Martins et al.; prospective study, n = 228; intravenous thrombolysis bolus dose depended on weight; acute stage [96]
ATOMOXETINE Yamada et al.; clinical study; n = 4, dose 120 mg, 3 weeks, subacute stages [97]

  • No
CITICOLINE Alizadeh et al.; case report, 3 weeks, post-acute stage [98]

  • Not reported