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. 2021 Sep 2;10(17):3978. doi: 10.3390/jcm10173978

Table 1.

Major characteristics of the included studies.

Study ID Country Sample Size
[Ketamine (% Female)/
Control (% Female)]		 Age in Years
(Mean ± SD)		 Causes of Acute Pain Pain Scale Used Intervention Comparator Outcomes
Route of Administration, Dose
Bouida 2020 Tunisia 552 (59.6%)/
550 (58.5%)		 37.2 ± 12.8 Acute traumatic pain VAS IN Ketamine, 50 mg IN Placebo

  • VAS at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min

  • Requirement for rescue analgesia (opioid: IV Morphine 0.1mg/kg/SC Tramadol 100mg or non-opioid: IV Paracetamol 1 g/IV Ketoprofen 100 mg)

  • Adverse events

  • % of patients discharged from ED with VAS < 30
Pouraghaei 2020 Iran 95 (NR)/
89 (NR)		 40.3 ± 4.6 Renal colic NRS IN Ketamine,
1 mg/kg and
IV Placebo		 IV Morphine,
0.1 mg/kg and
IN Placebo

  • NRS at 15, 30, and 60 min

  • Adverse events
Mozafari 2019 Iran 65 (NR)/
65 (NR)		 36.9 ± 10.6 Renal colic VAS IN Ketamine,
1 mg/kg and
IV Placebo		 IV Fentanyl,
1 μg/kg and
IN Placebo

  • VAS at 5, 15, and 30 min

  • Requirement for rescue analgesia (IV Morphine 0.1 mg/kg)

  • Adverse events
Farnia 2017 Iran 20 (40%)/
20 (15%)		 37.0 ± 11.3 Renal colic VAS IN Ketamine,
1 mg/kg and
IV Placebo		 IV Morphine,
0.1 mg/kg and
IN Placebo

  • VAS at 5, 15, and 30 min

  • Requirement for rescue analgesia (IV Fentanyl infusion 1–2 μg/kg, every 5 min and titrated)

  • Adverse events
Forouzan 2017 Iran 52 (28.8%)/
52 (17.3%)		 30.4 ± 11.5 Acute traumatic pain VAS IN Ketamine,
1 mg/kg		 IV Morphine,
0.1 mg/kg

  • VAS at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min

  • Time of onset of VAS reduction

  • Adverse events

  • Change of hemodynamic parameters
Parvizrad 2017 Iran 75 (41.6%)/
77 (59.8%)		 34.6 ± 12.2 Acute traumatic pain VAS IN Ketamine,
0.4 mg/kg and
IV Placebo		 IV Ketamine,
0.2 mg/kg and
IN Placebo

  • VAS at 5, 10, 20, and 30 min

  • Requirement for rescue analgesia (low dose IV Morphine)

  • Adverse events

  • Patient’s satisfaction
Shimonovich 2016 Israel 24 (29.2%)/
24 (25%)		 39.4 ± NR Acute traumatic pain VAS IN Ketamine,
1 mg/kg		 IV Morphine,
0.1 mg/kg

  • Time to achievement of VAS reduction ≥ 15 mm

  • Maximum pain reduction

  • Time to maximum pain reduction

  • VAS at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 min

  • Patient’s satisfaction

  • Adverse events

  • Change of hemodynamic parameters

VAS: Visual analog scale, NRS: Numerical rating scale, IN: Intranasal, IV: Intravenous, SC: Subcutaneous.