Table 3. Findings of personality studies on social behaviour.
Presented in order of most common species, and chronological order within species.
| Species | Setting | Response variable(s) | Personality Dimension(s) Measured | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macaca mulatta | L | Social power* | Bold(+), Excitable(+), Equable(0) | McCowan et al. (2011) |
| Intervention success* | Bold(+), Equable(+), Excitable(0) | |||
| Macaca mulatta | L | Longitudinal relationship stability* | Equability(+), Adaptability(+), Confidence(0) | Weinstein & Capitanio (2012) |
| Macaca mulatta | L | Pair success* | Emotionality(+), Nervous(+), Gentle(+) | Capitanio et al. (2017) |
| Macaca mulatta | L | Trio housing success | Exploratory | Ruhde et al. (2020) |
| Papio ursinus | W | Bond Strength* | Nice(+), Loner(−), Aloof(0) | Seyfarth, Silk & Cheney (2012) |
| Partner Stability* | Aloof(+), Nice(0), Loner(0) | |||
| Glucocorticoid levels* | Loner(+), Nice(0), Aloof(0) | |||
| Papio ursinus | W | Problem solving* | Bold(+), Anxious(0) | Carter et al. (2014) |
| Time spent watching conspecific demonstrator | Bold(0), Anxious (0) | |||
| Improvement in problem solving ability after watching demonstrator* | Bold(+), Anxious(+) | |||
| Papio ursinus | W | Bond strength* | Loner(+), Aloof(+), and Nice(+) homophily | Seyfarth, Silk & Cheney (2014) |
| Macaca sylvanus | W | Social rank* | Confidence(+), Friendliness(0), Excitability(0) | Konečná et al. (2012) |
| Macaca sylvanus | W | Likelihood of cooperation* | Bold(+) partners preferred, Shy(0) | Molesti & Majolo (2016) |
| Likelihood of successfully completing cooperation task | Bold(0), Shy(0) | |||
| Pan troglodytes | Z | Rate of contact sitting within dyad* | Sociability(+), Boldness(+) and Anxious(0) homophily | Massen & Koski (2014) |
| Sapajus apella | L | Affiliation within dyads* | Sociability(+), Openness(0), Neuroticism(0), Assertiveness(0), and Attentiveness(0) homophily | Morton et al. (2015) |
| Agonism within dyads* | Openness(−), Sociability(0), Neuroticism(0), Assertiveness(0), and Attentiveness(0) homophily | |||
| Relationship quality* | Openness(+), Sociability(+), Neuroticism(0), Assertiveness(0) and Attentiveness(0) homophily | |||
| Callithrix jacchus | L | Group-level personality similarity* | Boldness(+), Exploration(+), Persistence (0) | |
| Gorilla gorilla | Z | Social resting* | Extraversion(+), Dominance(0), Fearful(0), Understanding (0) | Račevska & Hill (2017) |
| Play behaviour | Extraversion(0), Dominance(0), Fearful(0), Understanding(0) | |||
| Aggression* | Understanding(−), Extraversion(0), Dominance(0), Fearful(0) | |||
| Displacement* | Dominance(−), Extraversion(0), Fearful(0), Understanding(0) | |||
| Macaca assamensis | W | Bond strength* | Gregarious(+), Confidence(0), Sociability(0), and Vigilance(0) homophily | Ebenau et al. (2019a) |
| Pan paniscus | Z | Relationship quality* | Sociability(+), Openness(0), Boldness(0), and Activity(0) homophily | Verspeek et al. (2019) |
| Relationship compatibility* | Activity(+), Sociability(0), Openness(0), and Boldness(0) homophily |
Notes:
*
Relationship with personality is statistically significant.
Z = Zoo, W = Wild free-living, L = Laboratory. + indicates significantly positive relationship, − indicates significantly negative relationship, 0 indicates no significant relationship.