Appendix 1. Table of surveyed data for 69 published articles on primate personality which were highlighted for this review, presented in order of publication.
| Study | Species | Context | Focus | Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Highfill et al. (2010) | Garnett’s Bushbaby (Otolemur garnettii) |
Zoo-housed animals | Method Validation—comparing rating and coding as assessment methods | Trait Rating + Behaviour Coding |
| McCowan et al. (2011) | Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) |
Laboratory animals | Social Behaviour—demonstrating role of personality in social network dynamics | Trait Rating + Behaviour Coding |
| Koski (2011) | Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Zoo-housed animals | Method Validation—examining predictive validity of social personality traits over time | Behaviour Coding |
| Vandeleest, McCowan & Capitanio (2011) | Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) |
Laboratory animals | Animal Welfare—relationship between personality and motor stereotypy risk | Context Tests + Trait Rating |
| Carter et al. (2012) | Chacma Baboon (Papio ursinus) |
Free-living animals | Method Validation—testing cross-context consistency of a personality assessment | Context Tests |
| Dammhahn & Almeling (2012) | Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus) |
Free-living animals | Method Validation—testing cross-context consistency of a personality assessment | Context Tests |
| Herrelko, Vick & Buchanan-Smith (2012) | Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Zoo-housed animals | Management—influence of personality on behaviour outcomes during training | Trait Rating |
| Konečná et al. (2012) | Barbary Macaque (Macaca sylvanus) |
Free-living animals | Social Behaviour—examining relationship between personality and social rank | Trait Rating |
| Seyfarth, Silk & Cheney (2012) | Chacma Baboon (Papio ursinus) |
Free-living animals | Social Behaviour—examining correlations between personality and fitness | Behaviour Coding |
| Stoinski, Jaicks & Drayton (2012) | Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) |
Zoo-housed animals | Management—comparing individual differences and response to visitor numbers | Trait Rating |
| Weinstein & Capitanio (2012) | Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) |
Laboratory animals | Social Behaviour—longitudinal study of personality and friendship stability | Context Tests + Trait Rating |
| Franks et al. (2013) | Cotton-top Tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) |
Zoo-housed animals | Management—examining relationship between personality and enrichment use | Context Tests |
| Freeman et al. (2013) | Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Laboratory animals | Method Validation—assessing validity of novel, comprehensive assessment | Trait Rating + Behaviour Coding |
| Gottlieb, Capitanio & McCowan (2013) | Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) |
Laboratory animals | Animal Welfare—relationship between personality and stereotypic behaviours | Context Tests + Trait Rating |
| Iwanicki & Lehmann (2015) | Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) | Zoo-housed animals | Method Validation—reliability and validity of personality in marmosets | Trait Rating + Behaviour Coding |
| Jin et al. (2013) | Golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) |
Zoo-housed animals | Animal Health—relationship between personality and gastrointestinal health | Trait Rating |
| Manson & Perry (2013) | White-faced Capuchin (Cebus capucinus) | Free-living animals | Method Validation—Structure, sex differences and temporal stability of personality | Trait Rating |
| Massen et al. (2013) | Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) | Zoo-housed animals | Method Validation—repeatability and consistency of personality traits over time | Context Tests |
| Morton, Lee & Buchanan-Smith (2013) | Brown Capuchin (Sapajus apella) |
Laboratory animals | Method Validation—comparing personality structure with other primate species | Trait Rating + Behaviour Coding |
| Morton, Lee & Buchanan-Smith (2013) | Brown Capuchin (Sapajus apella) |
Zoo-housed animals | Management—personality differences in training participation | Trait Rating |
| Uher, Addessi & Visalberghi (2013) | Cynomulgus macaque (Macaca fascilaris) | Laboratory Animals | Method Validation—representations of personality from experienced and novice raters | Behaviour Coding + Trait Rating |
| Uher, Werner & Gosselt (2013) | Brown capuchin (Sapajus apella) | Laboratory Animals | Method Validation—differences between context tests and behavioural coding | Behaviour Coding + Context Tests |
| Verdolin & Harper (2013) | Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus) |
Zoo-housed animals | Method Validation—demonstrating consistency in personality across contexts | Context Tests |
| Ward & Melfi (2013) | Sulawesi Crested Macaque (Macaca nigra) |
Zoo-housed animals | Management—comparing personality profiles with training response latency | Trait Rating |
| Weiss et al. (2013) | Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) |
Zoo-housed animals | Animal Health—examining the relationship between personality and lifespan | Trait Rating |
| Carter et al. (2014) | Chacma Baboon (Papio ursinus) |
Free-living animals | Social Behaviour—associations between personality and social learning | Context Tests |
| Hopper et al. (2014) | Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Laboratory animals | Management—influence of internal factors on problem-solving success | Trait Rating |
| Pritchard et al. (2014) | Tibetan Macaque (Macaca thibetana) |
Free-living animals | Method Validation—testing methodology for personality assessment in Tibetan macaques | Behaviour Coding + Trait Rating |
| Massen & Koski (2014) | Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Zoo-housed animals | Social Behaviour—examining relationship between personality and social behaviour | Behaviour Coding + Context Tests |
| Reamer et al. (2014) | Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Laboratory animals | Animal Management—internal factors which may impact initial training success | Behaviour Coding + Trait Rating |
| Schaefer & Steklis (2014) | Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) |
Zoo-housed animals | Animal Welfare—personality and subjective well-being in gorilla bachelor groups | Trait Rating |
| Seyfarth, Silk & Cheney (2014) | Chacma Baboon (Papio Ursinus) |
Free-living animals | Social Behaviour—examining relationship between personality and bond strength | Behaviour Coding |
| Baker, Lea & Melfi (2015) | Sulawesi Crested Macaque (Macaca nigra) Barbary Macaque (Macaca sylvanus) Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus) |
Zoo-housed animals | Method Validation—assessing cross-species comparisons of personality | Behaviour Coding + Trait Rating |
| Eckardt et al. (2015) | Gorilla (Gorilla beringei) |
Free-living animals | Method Validation—identifying personality structure and behavioural associations | Trait Rating |
| Koski & Burkart (2015) | Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) | Laboratory Animals | Social Behaviour—group-level similarities in personality. | Context Tests |
| Morton et al. (2015) | Brown Capuchin (Sapajus apella) |
Laboratory animals | Social Behaviour—examining relationship between personality and bond quality | Trait Rating + Behaviour Coding |
| Úbeda & Llorente (2015) | Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Sanctuary animals | Method Validation—validating assessment method for use in sanctuary chimpanzees | Trait Rating |
| Weiss et al. (2015) | Bonobo (Pan paniscus) | Zoo-housed animals | Method Validation—comparisons of human and bonobo personality factors | Trait Rating |
| Altschul, Terrace & Weiss (2016) | Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) | Laboratory animals | Management—associations between personality and intelligence | Trait Rating |
| Garai et al. (2016) | Bonobo (Pan paniscus) | Free-living animals | Method Validation—examining factors influencing personality in a free-living primate | Trait Rating + Behaviour Coding |
| Molesti & Majolo (2016) | Barbary Macaque (Macaca sylvanus) |
Free-living animals | Social Behaviour—factors affecting cooperation and free partner choice | Context Tests |
| Robinson et al. (2016) | Brown Capuchin (Sapajus apella) |
Laboratory animals | Animal Welfare—associations between personality and subjective well-being | Trait Rating |
| Šlipogor et al. (2016) | Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) |
Laboratory animals | Method Validation—assessing cross-context consistency in behaviour | Behaviour Coding |
| Uher & Visalberghi (2016) | Capuchins (Sapajus spp.) | Laboratory Animals | Method Validation—observations vs. trait rating and biases in assessment methods | Behaviour Coding + Trait Rating |
| Wergård et al. (2016) | Cynomolgus Macaque (Macaca fascilaris) |
Laboratory animals | Management—associations between personality and training success | Trait Rating |
| Altschul et al. (2017) | Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) | Zoo-housed animals | Management—performance and participation in a novel task | Trait Rating |
| Blaszczyk (2017) | Vervet Monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) |
Free-living animals | Method Validation—assessment of method validity in predicting personality | Context Tests |
| Capitanio et al. (2017) | Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) |
Laboratory animals | Social Behaviour—longitudinal impact of personality on social pairing success | Context Tests + Trait Rating |
| Koski et al. (2017) | Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) | Laboratory animals | Method Validation—Identifying major personality dimensions and possible demographic differences | Trait Rating |
| Martin & Suarez (2017) | Bonobo (Pan paniscus) |
Zoo-housed animals | Method Validation—demonstration of novel personality assessment method | Behaviour Coding |
| Polgár, Wood & Haskell (2017) | Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus) |
Zoo-housed animals | Management—individual differences in response to visitors and research participation | Trait Rating |
| Račevska & Hill (2017) | Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) |
Zoo-housed animals | Social Behaviour—examining social behaviour and personality traits | Trait Rating |
| Robinson et al. (2017) | Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Zoo-housed animals | Animal Welfare—associations between personality and subjective well-being | Trait Rating |
| Weiss et al. (2017) | Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Free-living animals | Method Validation—comparing temporal reliability of historic and modern ratings | Trait Rating |
| Altschul et al. (2018) | Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Zoo-housed animals | Animal Health—links between personality and longevity of chimpanzees | Trait Rating |
| Gottlieb et al. (2018) | Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) |
Laboratory animals | Animal Health—relationship between personality, stressors and diarrhea | Context Tests + Trait Rating |
| Inoue-Murayama et al. (2018) | Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) |
Laboratory animals | Animal Welfare—relationship between personality subjective well-being | Trait Rating |
| Hopper, Cronin & Ross (2018) | Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata) |
Zoo-housed animals | Method Validation—assessing reliability of short-form trait rating assessment | Trait Rating + Context Tests |
| Lutz & Brown (2018) | Cynomolgus Macaque (Macaca fascilaris) |
Laboratory animals | Management—personality differences in enrichment (porch) usage | Context Tests |
| Masilkova, Weiss & Konečná (2018) | Cotton-top Tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) |
Zoo-housed animals | Method Validation—developing reliable and efficient personality assessment for tamarins | Behaviour Coding |
| Robinson et al. (2018) | Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) |
Laboratory animals | Animal Health—associations between personality, dominance, and health | Trait Rating |
| Brandão et al. (2019) | Brown Capuchin (Sapajus apella) | Zoo-housed animals | Method Validation—using behavioural observations in assessments of capuchins | Behaviour Coding |
| Ebenau et al. (2019a) | Assamese Macaque (Macaca assamensis) |
Free-living animals | Method Validation—providing baseline for M. assamensis personality research | Behaviour Coding |
| Ebenau et al. (2019b) | Assamese Macaque (Macaca assemensis) |
Free-living animals | Social Behaviour—relationship between personality and social bonding in males | Behaviour Coding |
| Fernández-Lázaro et al. (2019) | Cotton-top Tamarin (Sagiunus oedipus) Emperor Tamarin (Saguinus imperator) Golden lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Geoffrey’s Marmoset (Callithris geoffroyi) Pygmy Marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea) White-faced Saki (Pithecia pithecia) Pygmy Loris (Nycticebus pygmaea) |
Zoo-housed animals | Animal Health—cross-species examination of the relationship between personality, lateralisation and physiological welfare indicators | Context Tests + Trait Rating |
| Tomassetti et al. (2019) | Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) | Laboratory Animals | Method Validation—verifying presence of personality and comparisons with lateralisation. | Behaviour Coding |
| Verspeek et al. (2019) | Bonobo (Pan paniscus) |
Zoo-housed animals | Social Behaviour—relationship between personality and relationship quality | Behaviour Coding |
| Costa et al. (2020) | Golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) |
Free-living animals | Animal Health—examining links between personality, habitat use and health status | Context Tests |
| Ruhde et al. (2020) | Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) |
Laboratory animals | Social Behaviour—outcome predictors for new social groups | Context Tests |